Investigation of lead particles loading on the surface of activated carbon on the performance of lead carbon batteries and its potential mechanisms

Loading lead particles on the surface of activated carbon (AC) is an effective strategy to further improve the performance of lead carbon batteries (LCBs). However, the influence of lead particle size on the properties of AC is ignored. Herein, AC loaded with lead phosphate particles of different sizes by ultrasonic adsorption is prepared. The results show that large size lead phosphate particles are conducive to the formation of lead carbon connection interphase with tens of microns, so as to avoid the electronic path failure of AC caused by sulfation. Moreover, with the increase of lead phosphate particle size, the cycle life under high rate partial state of charge (HRPSoC) and the capacity retention rate after 150 deep cycles under 60 % state of charge (SoC) increase by 49.12 % and 47.2 % respectively.