Introduction to the Special Issue on The Bottleneck of Blockchain Techniques Scalability, Security and Privacy Protection

Blockchain technology has been extensively studied over the past decade as a foundation for decentralized information-sharing platforms due to its promising potential.Despite the success of existing blockchain architectures like Bitcoin, Ethereum, Filecoin, Hyperledger Fabric, BCOS, and BCS, current blockchain applications are still quite limited.Blockchain struggles with scenarios requiring high-speed transactions (e.g., online markets) or large data storage (e.g., video services) due to consensus efficiency limitations.Security restrictions pose risks to investors in blockchain-based economic systems (e.g., DeFi), deterring current and potential investors.Privacy protection challenges make it difficult to involve sensitive data in blockchain applications.