Introduction

When the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors organization announced its final roadmap in 2016, it was widely heralded as the official end of Moore's law [ITRS, 2016]. As we write this, 7 nm technology is still projected to provide cheaper transistors than current technology, so it isn't over just yet. But after decades of transistor scaling, the ITRS report revealed at least modest agreement across the industry that cost-effective scaling to 5 nm and below was hardly a guarantee.