Intracellular Pathways Involved in Bone Regeneration Triggered by Recombinant Silk–Silica Chimeras

Biomineralization at the organic-inorganic interface is critical to many biology material functions <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i>. Recombinant silk-silica fusion peptides are organic-inorganic hybrid material systems that can be effectively used to study and control biologically-mediated mineralization due to the genetic basis of sequence control. However, to date, the mechanisms by which these functionalized silk-silica proteins trigger the differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) to osteoblasts remain unknown. To address this challenge, we analyzed silk-silica surfaces for silica-hMSC receptor binding and activation, and the intracellular pathways involved in the induction of osteogenesis on these bioengineered biomaterials. The induction of gene expression of αVβ3 integrin, all three Mitogen-activated Protein Kinsases (MAPKs) as well as c-Jun, Runt-related Transcription Factor 2 (Runx2) and osteoblast marker genes was demonstrated upon growth of the hMSCs on the silk-silica materials. This induction of key markers of osteogenesis correlated with the content of silica on the materials. Moreover, computational simulations were performed for silk/silica-integrin binding which showed activation of αVβ3 integrin in contact with silica. This integrated computational and experimental approach provides insight into interactions that regulate osteogenesis towards more efficient biomaterial designs.