Interleukin-1β Polymorphisms Are Genetic Markers of Susceptibility to Periprosthetic Joint Infection in Total Hip and Knee Arthroplasty

Periprosthetic joint infections (PJIs) are serious complications of prosthetic surgery. The criteria for the diagnosis of PJI integrate clinical and laboratory findings in a complex and sometimes inconclusive workflow. Host immune factors hold potential as diagnostic biomarkers in bone and joint infections. We reported that the humoral pattern-recognition molecule long pentraxin 3 (PTX3) predicts PJI in total hip and knee arthroplasty (THA and TKA, respectively). If and how genetic variation in <i>PTX3</i> and inflammatory genes that affect its expression (<i>IL-1β</i>, <i>IL-6</i>, <i>IL-10</i>, and <i>IL-17A</i>) contributes to the risk of PJI is unknown. We conducted a case-control study on a Caucasian historic cohort of THA and TKA patients who had prosthesis explant due to PJI (cases) or aseptic complications (controls). Saliva was collected from 93 subjects and used to extract DNA and genotype <i>PTX3</i>, <i>IL-1β</i>, <i>IL-6</i>, <i>IL-10</i>, and <i>IL-17A</i> single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Moreover, the concentration of IL-1β, IL-10, and IL-6 was measured in synovial fluid and plasma. No association was found between <i>PTX3</i> polymorphisms and PJI; however, the AGG haplotype, encompassing rs2853550, rs1143634, and rs1143627 in <i>IL-1β</i>, was linked to the infection (<i>p</i> = 0.017). Also, synovial levels of all inflammatory markers were higher in cases than in controls, and a correlation emerged between synovial concentration of PTX3 and that of IL-1β in cases only (Spearman r = 0.67, <i>p</i> = 0.004). We identified a relationship between rs2853550 and the synovial concentration of IL-1β and PTX3. Our findings suggest that <i>IL-1β</i> SNPs could be used for the early identification of THA and TKA patients with a high risk of infection.