Interaction effects of an inclined magnetic field and nanofluid on forced convection heat transfer and flow irreversibility in a duct with an abrupt contraction

This research examines the interaction effects of an inclined magnetic field and nanofluid on forced convection heat transfer and flow irreversibility in a duct with an abrupt contraction. This contraction is created by an inclined forward facing step and is simulated using the Blocked region method. To analysis the flow irreversibility, the entropy generation number is calculated based on the second law of thermodynamics. The effects of Hartmann number H a = 0 - 100 , magnetic field inclination angle β = 0 Â ° - 90 Â ° and nanoparticles volume fraction ϕ = 0 - 0.06 on the values of friction coefficient, Nusselt number and entropy generation number are shown graphically. The results present that the Hartmann number and inclination angle of the magnetic field have the reverse effects on the heat transfer rate, whiles their influences on the flow irreversibility is significantly increasing. Also, total entropy generation number and average Nusselt number increase as the volume fraction of nanoparticles enhances from 0 to 0.06.