Intensified river salinization alters nitrogen-cycling microbial communities in arid and semi-arid regions of China

Freshwater salinization is receiving increasing global attention due to its profound influence on nitrogen cycling in aquatic ecosystems and the accessibility of water resources. However, a comprehensive understanding of the changes in river salinization and the impacts of salinity on nitrogen cycling in arid and semi-arid regions of China is currently lacking. A meta-analysis was first conducted based on previous investigations and found an intensification in river salinization that altered hydrochemical characteristics. To further analyze the impact of salinity on nitrogen metabolism processes, we evaluated rivers with long-term salinity gradients based on in situ observations. The genes and enzymes that were inhibited generally by salinity, especially those involved in nitrogen fixation and nitrification, showed low abundances in three salinity levels. The abundance of genes and enzymes with denitrification and dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium functions still maintained a high proportion, especially for denitrification genes/enzymes that were enriched under medium salinity. Denitrifying bacteria exhibited various relationships with salinity, while dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium bacterium (such as <i>Hydrogenophaga</i> and <i>Curvibacter</i> carrying <i>nirB</i>) were more inhibited by salinity, indicating that diverse denitrifying bacteria could be used to regulate nitrogen concentration. Most genera exhibited symbiotic and mutual relationships, and the highest proportion of significant positive correlations of abundant genera was found under medium salinity. This study emphasizes the role of river salinity on environment characteristics and nitrogen transformation rules, and our results are useful for improving the availability of river water resources in arid and semi-arid regions.