It is well known that cyber-physical systems (CPSs) commonly exist in both industrial manufacturing and people’s daily lives. As a hot topic within Industry 4.0, CPSs have attracted interest from both academia and industry. Typical examples of CPSs include autonomous vehicles, smart grid, process control systems, and industrial robotics systems. The traditional techniques are mainly focused on either the physical object or the abstract data model individually. A simultaneous consideration of both domains is needed.
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