Hyperprogression and impact of tumor growth kinetics after PD1/PDL1 inhibition in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

<b>Background:</b> Hyperprogressive disease (HPD) rate in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) was determined using tumor growth kinetics (TGK) and compared with rapidly progressive screen-failure (SF) patients. The impact of TGK on outcomes with salvage chemotherapy (SCT) was also evaluated. <b>Results:</b> HPD was found in 22/120 (18%) patients. Median TGK before the onset of immunotherapy (TGK_pre) was 2.7 for SF patients and 4.8 for HPD patients, with no significant difference (<i>p</i> = 0.17). Disease control rate after initial progressive disease on ICI was 86% with SCT in case of tumor growth deceleration vs 39% in case of tumor growth acceleration. <b>Conclusions:</b> HPD was frequent, but TGK of HPD patients treated with ICI did not differ from SF patients, suggesting that there is no relevant causal relationship between HPD and ICI. After initial PD with ICI, tumor growth deceleration was associated with better outcomes, indicating that TGK_R might be useful to detect late responders, meriting prospective investigations. <b>Materials and Methods:</b> TGK ratio (TGK_R) was defined as the ratio of TGK on ICI (TGK_post) to TGK_pre. HPD was defined as TGK_R ≥ 2. TGK_R >1 indicated tumor growth acceleration, while 0 < TGK_R < 1 indicated tumor deceleration.