Humic and fulvic acids as biostimulants in horticulture

Maintaining food production for a growing world population without compromising natural resources for future generations represents one of the greatest challenges for agricultural science, even compared with the green revolution in the 20th century. The intensification of agriculture has now reached a critical point whereby the negative impacts derived from this activity are now resulting in irreversible global climate change and loss in many ecosystem services. New approaches to help promote sustainable intensification are therefore required. One potential solution to help in this transition is the use of plant biostimulants based on humic substances. In this review we define humic substances in a horticultural context. Their effects on nutrient uptake and plant metabolism are then discussed and a general schematic model of plant-humic responses is presented. The review also highlights the relationship between the chemical properties of humified matter and its bioactivity with specific reference to the promotion of lateral root growth. Finally, we summarize and critically evaluate experimental data related to the overall effect of humic substances applied to horticultural crops. Current evidence suggests that the biostimulant effects of humic substances are characterized by both structural and physiological changes in roots and shoots related to nutrient uptake, assimilation and distribution (nutrient use efficiency traits). In addition, they can induce shifts in plant primary and secondary metabolism related to abiotic stress tolerance which collectively modulate plant growth as well as promoting fitness. In conclusion, the exogenous application of humic substances within agronomic systems can be used to aid the development of sustainable intensification. As most humic substances used in agriculture are currently derived from non-renewable resources like coal and peat, the promotion of this technology also requires the development of new sustainable sources of humic products (e.g. organic wastes).