The focus in this chapter is the human forcings in the Earth System at large, and their origin in multiple drivers of change: demographic, economic development, urbanisation, technological development, international trade and foreign direct investment, climate change, and national and international policies. The chapter shows in what ways the Earth System has responded by different kind of impacts and feedbacks, and discusses the risk of approaching crucial thresholds and tipping points in the Earth System. Special attention is paid to the world’s most water-dependent system: agricultural production and human food security.
F. Stuart Chapin, Mary E Power, Steward T. A. Pickett, Amy Freitag, Julie Reynolds, Robert B. Jackson, David M. Lodge, Clifford S. Duke, Scott L. Collins, Alison G. Power, Ann M. Bartuska
Will Steffen, Johan Rockström, Katherine Richardson, Timothy M. Lenton, Carl Folke, Diana Liverman, Colin Summerhayes, Anthony D. Barnosky, Sarah Cornell, Michel Crucifix, Jonathan F. Donges, Ingo Fetzer, Steven J. Lade, Marten Scheffer, Ricarda Winkelmann, Hans Joachim Schellnhuber
Frank Biermann, Kenneth W. Abbott, Steinar Andresen, Karin Bäckstrand, Steven Bernstein, Michele M. Betsill, Harriet Bulkeley, Benjamin Cashore, Jennifer Clapp, Carl Folke, Aarti Gupta, Joyeeta Gupta, Peter M. Haas, Andrew Jordan, Norichika Kanie, Tatiana Kluvánková‐Oravská, Louis Lebel, Diana Liverman, James Meadowcroft, Ronald B. Mitchell, Peter Newell, Sebastian Oberthür, Lennart Olsson,
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