Human, Hardware, and Software Interactions in Risk Assessment

This chapter presents the challengesChallenges that complex systemsComplex systems face related to riskRisk modeling and human and organizational factorsOrganizational factors, hardware, and software interactionsInteractions. In Sect. 4.2, risk assessmentRisk assessment of software in automated systems is discussed. A conceptual modelModel to evaluate software failuresFailure is proposed, and challengesChallenges regarding quantification and cybersecurity are presented. In Sect. 4.3, risk assessmentRisk assessment of human factorsHuman factor in automated and autonomousAutonomous systems is discussed. Finally, in Sect. 4.4, a general framework is proposed that considers software and human factorsHuman factor along with hardware elements to perform risk assessmentRisk assessment of complex systemsComplex systems. The framework clarifies how the interactionsInteractions between software, human, and hardware could be considered in risk analysisRisk analysis of complex systemsComplex systems.