Highly tunable moiré superlattice potentials in twisted hexagonal boron nitrides

Moiré superlattice of twisted hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) has emerged as an advanced atomically thin van der Waals interfacial ferroelectricity platform. Nanoscale periodic ferroelectric moiré domains with out-of-plane potentials in twisted hBN allow the hosting of remote Coulomb superlattice potentials to adjacent two-dimensional materials for tailoring strongly correlated properties. Therefore, the new strategies for engineering moiré length, angle, and potential strength are essential for developing programmable quantum materials and advanced twistronics applications devices. Here, we demonstrate the realization of twisted hBN-based moiré superlattice platforms and visualize the moiré domains and ferroelectric properties using Kelvin probe force microscopy. Also, we report the KPFM result of regular moiré superlattice in the large area. It offers the possibility to reproduce uniform moiré structures with precise control piezo stage stacking and heat annealing. We demonstrate the high tunability of twisted hBN moiré platforms and achieve cumulative multi-ferroelectric polarization and multi-level domains with multiple angle mismatched interfaces. Additionally, we observe the quasi-1D anisotropic moiré domains and show the highest resolution analysis of the local built-in strain between adjacent hBN layers compared to the conventional methods. Furthermore, we demonstrate in-situ manipulation of moiré superlattice potential strength using femtosecond pulse laser irradiation, which results in the optical phonon-induced atomic displacement at the hBN moiré interfaces. Our results pave the way to develop precisely programmable moiré superlattice platforms and investigate strongly correlated physics in van der Waals heterostructures.