Heuristic Models in Marxian Theory

In building social theory, Marx used not one (as generally regarded) but three heuristic models: base-superstructure, organic totality, and dialectical development. We document their existence, explain their functioning, and display the analytical division of labor they partake in. For each model is designed to operate in a given “analytical zone” which can be characterized by a level of abstraction (from the specific to the general), a focus on structure or on process, and a timeframe. We argue that failure to discern these models and their respective areas of application, overlap, and divergence is at the root of many distortions and misunderstandings that Marxian theory remains subject to. Marxism is a people of models (…). The genius of Marx, the secret of his enduring power lies in his having been the first to build true social models (Braudel, 80).