Graphene oxide-based nanofiltration membranes for separation of heavy metals

Membrane separation is the most promising water treatment technology that combines high separation efficiency, modest operation, concise of space, low footprints, and low operating cost. However, the current membrane technology has limitations in permeability and solute rejection which are highly influenced by membrane material and operating conditions. Recent studies show that the graphene oxide (GO) incorporation on membrane promotes the permeation and metal ions rejection rates efficiently. Many efforts have been made to improve the waste removal performance of GO using a variety of techniques. This chapter mainly focuses on the applications of GO-based nanofiltration membranes (GO-NFMs) for heavy metals (HMs) removal from polluted water. It also covers membrane types, fabrication methods, unique properties of GO, and characterization techniques. Parameters required for best-performing GO-NFMS along with rejection mechanisms and factors affecting the performance of membranes for the removal of HM ions from wastewater have also been discussed. A good comparison of GO-NFMs with conventional membranes and efficiency of GO-modified polymeric membranes have also reviewed in the chapter. Perspectives, recommendations, and challenges for future development of GO-NFMs technologies for metal ions removal are given as complement at the end of the chapter.