Gluons and the quark sea at high energies: distributions, polarization, tomography

This report is based on a ten-week program on "Gluons and the quark sea at\nhigh-energies", which took place at the Institute for Nuclear Theory in Seattle\nin Fall 2010. The principal aim of the program was to develop and sharpen the\nscience case for an Electron-Ion Collider (EIC), a facility that will be able\nto collide electrons and positrons with polarized protons and with light to\nheavy nuclei at high energies, offering unprecedented possibilities for\nin-depth studies of quantum chromodynamics. This report is organized around\nfour major themes: i) the spin and flavor structure of the proton, ii)\nthree-dimensional structure of nucleons and nuclei in momentum and\nconfiguration space, iii) QCD matter in nuclei, and iv) Electroweak physics and\nthe search for physics beyond the Standard Model. Beginning with an executive\nsummary, the report contains tables of key measurements, chapter overviews for\neach of the major scientific themes, and detailed individual contributions on\nvarious aspects of the scientific opportunities presented by an EIC.