Formation of Nitrating and Chlorinating Species by Reaction of Nitrite with Hypochlorous Acid

Detection of 3-nitrotyrosine has served as an in vivo marker for the production of the cytotoxic species peroxynitrite (ONOO−). We show here that reaction of nitrite (NO− 2), the autoxidation product of nitric oxide (·NO), with hypochlorous acid (HOCl) forms reactive intermediate species that are also capable of nitrating phenolic substrates such as tyrosine and 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, with maximum yields obtained at physiological pH. Monitoring the reaction of NO− 2 with HOCl by continuous flow photodiode array spectrophotometry indicates the formation of a transient species with spectral characteristics similar to those of nitryl chloride (Cl-NO2). Reaction of synthetic Cl-NO2 with N-acetyl-L-tyrosine results in the formation of 3-chlorotyrosine and 3-nitrotyrosine in ratios that are similar to those obtained by the NO− 2/HOCl reaction (4:1). Tyrosine residues in bovine serum albumin are also nitrated and chlorinated by NO− 2/HOCl and synthetic Cl-NO2. The reaction of N-acetyl-L-tyrosine with NO− 2/HOCl or authentic Cl-NO2 also produces dityrosine, suggesting that free radical intermediates are involved in the reaction mechanism. Our data indicate that while chlorination reactions of Cl-NO2 are mediated by direct electrophilic addition to the aromatic ring, a free radical mechanism appears to be operative in nitrations mediated by NO− 2/HOCl or Cl-NO2, probably involving the combination of nitrogen dioxide (·NO2) and tyrosyl radical. We propose that NO− 2 reacts with HOCl by Cl+ transfer to form both cis- and trans-chlorine nitrite (Cl-ONO) and Cl-NO2 as intermediates that modify tyrosine by either direct reaction or after decomposition to reactive free and solvent-caged Cl· and ·NO2 as reactive species. Formation of Cl-NO2 and/or Cl-ONO in vivo may represent previously unrecognized mediators of inflammation-mediated protein modification and tissue injury, and offers an additional mechanism of tyrosine nitration independent of ONOO−.