Forces on nascent polypeptides during membrane insertion and translocation via the Sec translocon

During ribosomal translation, nascent polypeptide chains (NCs) undergo a variety of physical processes that determine their fate in the cell. Translation arrest peptide (AP) experiments are used to measure the external pulling forces that are exerted on the NC at different lengths during translation. To elucidate the molecular origins of these forces, a recently developed coarsegrained molecular dynamics (CGMD) is used to directly simulate the observed pulling-force profiles, thereby disentangling contributions from NC-translocon and NC-ribosome interactions, membrane partitioning, and electrostatic coupling to the membrane potential. This combination of experiment and theory reveals mechanistic features of Sec-facilitated membrane integration and protein translocation, including the interplay between transient interactions and conformational changes that occur during ribosomal translation to govern protein biogenesis.