Fibrinogen drives dystrophic muscle fibrosis via a TGFβ/alternative macrophage activation pathway

In the fatal degenerative Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), skeletal muscle is progressively replaced by fibrotic tissue. Here, we show that fibrinogen accumulates in dystrophic muscles of DMD patients and mdx mice. Genetic loss or pharmacological depletion of fibrinogen in these mice reduced fibrosis and dystrophy progression. Our results demonstrate that fibrinogen–Mac-1 receptor binding, through induction of IL-1β, drives the synthesis of transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) by mdx macrophages, which in turn induces collagen production in mdx fibroblasts. Fibrinogen-produced TGFβ further amplifies collagen accumulation through activation of profibrotic alternatively activated macrophages. Fibrinogen, by engaging its αvβ3 receptor on fibroblasts, also directly promotes collagen synthesis. These data unveil a profibrotic role of fibrinogen deposition in muscle dystrophy.