Assemblies of polymer beads were used as templates to produce macroporous membranes of polymers and ceramics. These membranes consist of spherical pores whose sizes could be precisely controlled in the range from ∼0.2 to ∼3 μm. The pores are interconnected such that pores (as many as 108/cm2) are completely exposed on both top and bottom surfaces, and a complex, three-dimensional porous structure is formed in the bulk.
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