Etiologies, Evaluation, and Differential Diagnosis of Dysphonia

Dysphonia is a common term that is usually used to describe abnormalities related to voice quality. The condition might also be referred to as hoarseness of voice. While dysphonia is usually used to describe impaired voice production, hoarseness of voice is used to describe altered voice quality. Laryngeal visualization and early identification of relevant signs and symptoms by the physician and patient are essential to achieving the best quality of care. However, diagnosis and evaluation of the condition are difficult due to challenges in laryngeal visualization and confusion caused by frequent laryngeal lesions. The present literature review extensively discusses the etiology, differential diagnosis, and evaluation of dysphonia. Different etiologies can attribute to this condition, including laryngeal and extra laryngeal disorders. Dysphonia does not usually persist for more than four weeks. However, when it persists beyond this, physicians should promptly evaluate the patient looking for a serious underlying disorder, most likely malignancy. Laryngeal visualization and obtaining a thorough history from the patient are the most recommended steps in evaluating a patient presenting with dysphonia. However, adequate care should also be paid to the development of evaluation-related complications that might further worsen the condition. The process should be evaluated and managed as early as possible to enhance the prognosis and survival rates, especially among patients suffering from laryngeal cancer. Increasing awareness among patients is also recommended to identify the problem and present it for evaluation as early as possible.