Equivalent bow imperfections for design by second order inelastic analysis

Abstract The stability of compression members is typically assessed through buckling curves, which include the influence of initial geometric imperfections and residual stresses. Alternatively, the capacity can be obtained more directly by carrying out a second order analysis using equivalent bow imperfections that account for both geometric imperfections and residual stresses. For design by second order elastic analysis, following EN 1993‐1‐1 recommendations, the magnitudes of the equivalent bow imperfections can either be back‐calculated for a given member to provide the same result as would be obtained from the member buckling curves or taken more simply as a fixed proportion of the member length. In both cases, a subsequent linear axial + bending cross‐section check is required. For design by second order inelastic analysis, there are currently no suitable recommendations for the magnitudes of equivalent bow imperfections and, as demonstrated herein, it is not generally appropriate to use equivalent bow imperfections developed on the basis of elastic analysis. Equivalent bow imperfections suitable for use in design by second order inelastic analysis are therefore established in the present paper and shown to yield reliable results when compared to benchmark results and current design guidance.