Enhanced ethanol sensing performance of tin oxide nanoparticles doped with palladium and graphene

SnO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> nanoparticles synthesized by a simple precipitation method are doped with palladium and different concentrations of graphene to improve the ethanol sensing performance. By incorporating 0.1 wt% graphene and 3 wt% PdCl <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> into SnO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> , the sensor has good sensitivity and the working temperature could be down to 40 °C. The response time and recovery time of the gas sensor are also reduced to 1 s and 3 s at 100 °C, respectively.