Engineering 2D Material Exciton Line Shape with Graphene/<i>h</i>-BN Encapsulation

Control over the optical properties of atomically thin two-dimensional (2D) layers, including those of transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), is needed for future optoelectronic applications. Here, the near-field coupling between TMDs and graphene/graphite is used to engineer the exciton line shape and charge state. Fano-like asymmetric spectral features are produced in WS₂, MoSe₂, and WSe₂ van der Waals heterostructures combined with graphene, graphite, or jointly with hexagonal boron nitride (<i>h</i>-BN) as supporting or encapsulating layers. Furthermore, trion emission is suppressed in <i>h</i>-BN encapsulated WSe₂/graphene with a neutral exciton red shift (44 meV) and binding energy reduction (30 meV). The response of these systems to electron beam and light probes is well-described in terms of 2D optical conductivities of the involved materials. Beyond fundamental insights into the interaction of TMD excitons with structured environments, this study opens an unexplored avenue toward shaping the spectral profile of narrow optical modes for application in nanophotonic devices.