Emerging Implantable Energy Harvesters and Self-Powered Implantable Medical Electronics

Implantable energy harvesters (IEHs) are the crucial component for self-powered devices. By harvesting energy from organisms such as heartbeat, respiration, and chemical energy from the redox reaction of glucose, IEHs are utilized as the power source of implantable medical electronics. In this review, we summarize the IEHs and self-powered implantable medical electronics (SIMEs). The typical IEHs are nanogenerators, biofuel cells, electromagnetic generators, and transcutaneous energy harvesting devices that are based on ultrasonic or optical energy. A benefit from these technologies of energy harvesting in vivo, SIMEs emerged, including cardiac pacemakers, nerve/muscle stimulators, and physiological sensors. We provide perspectives on the challenges and potential solutions associated with IEHs and SIMEs. Beyond the energy issue, we highlight the implanted devices that show the therapeutic function in vivo.