Efficacy of COVID-19 Vaccines Against Active Comparators or Inert Placebos

particularly within the higher ranks of cardiology and gastroenterology (Figure 2).Discussion | Our analysis of the 2018 to 2019 AAMC Faculty Salary Report from 154 US medical schools demonstrates persistent salary differences by gender and representation disparities in IM specialties, despite the increasing number of women in IM.We found that nonprocedural IM specialties exhibited closer parity in both salary and representation, whereas procedural specialties had low female representation with the largest salary disparities.Within IM, unadjusted salary differences between genders appear to be improving over time.Yet, substantial salary inequities persist at the highest faculty levels and specifically in procedural-based specialties. 4 Our findings regarding the disparities in procedural IM specialties align with recent works that examined both academic and nonacademic physician salaries and found that the largest gender differences in salary across multiple medical and surgical specialties existed among specialties and practices with the highest proportion of male physicians. 5,6 The reasons for this remain unclear; IM procedural specialties have long been male dominated in composition and leadership, despite increasing gender parity in the preceding training stages.Taken together, these findings suggest that workforce gender parity was associated with salary equity, and further investigation of the disparities in procedural specialties is needed.Limitations include inability to adjust for additional individual-level factors that may affect salary, including professional service, academic productivity, clinical volume, and ancillary funding sources, and these factors are likely also influenced by gender, race, and geography.Our findings may not be generalizable across all US medical schools given the heterogeneity in IM departmental structures.Despite the influence of potential confounders, these unadjusted genderdisaggregated data provide important insights regarding physician workforce composition and salary.Our findings suggest that salary disparities persist in US IM specialties and are most pronounced in procedural specialties with fewer women.These findings emphasize the importance of gender diversity to achieving salary parity in IM subspecialties and highlight opportunities to improve representation and salary equity in IM procedural specialties.