Diversity of Bathyarchaeia viruses in metagenomes and virus-encoded CRISPR system components

Abstract Bathyarchaeia represent a class of archaea common and abundant in sedimentary ecosystems. The virome of Bathyarchaeia so far has not been characterized. Here we report 56 metagenome-assembled genomes of Bathyarchaeia viruses identified in metagenomes from different environments. Gene sharing network and phylogenomic analyses led to the proposal of four virus families, including viruses of the realms Duplodnaviria and Adnaviria , and archaea-specific spindle-shaped viruses. Genomic analyses uncovered diverse CRISPR elements in these viruses. Viruses of the proposed family ‘ Fuxiviridae ’ harbor an atypical type IV-B CRISPR-Cas system and a Cas4 protein that might interfere with host immunity. Viruses of the family ‘ Chiyouviridae ’ encode a Cas2-like endonuclease and two mini-CRISPR arrays, one with a repeat identical to that in the host CRISPR array, potentially allowing the virus to recruit the host CRISPR adaptation machinery to acquire spacers that could contribute to competition with other mobile genetic elements or to inhibition of host defenses. These findings present an outline of the Bathyarchaeia virome and offer a glimpse into their counter-defense mechanisms.