Disruptive Manufacturing of Oxide Dispersion-Strengthened Steels for Nuclear Applications: Advances, Challenges, and Future Prospects

Oxide dispersion-strengthened (ODS) steels are emerging as leading candidate materials for next-generation nuclear reactor components due to their exceptional resistance to creep, fatigue, and irradiation, combined with high strength at elevated temperatures. This paper investigates the microstructural mechanisms underpinning these superior properties, with a particular focus on the critical role of nano-oxides in enhancing performance. Various manufacturing techniques, including powder metallurgy and additive manufacturing, are reviewed to assess their impact on the structural and mechanical properties of ODS steels. Recent case studies on their application in nuclear environments highlight the potential of ODS steels to significantly extend component longevity without necessitating major reactor redesigns. Nevertheless, further research is necessary to assess their reliability under extreme environmental conditions and to determine optimal, scalable manufacturing processes for large-scale production.