Diabetes: Candidate Genes and Its Variants

Diabetes being one the fastest occurring disease globally and leading to the increase in death rates. In this review we identified the prevalence, epidemiology, types, diagnosis, management and mainly focusing on all the genes and their variants responsible for diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus studied and found till date. It was found that there are 18 regions/60 genes are involved in Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) by use of genome-wide association study (GWAS) studies combined with new technologies such as Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) array genotyping, meta-analysis, taq sequencing etc. The gene that have higher risk in developing T1D is found to be in the region of Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus 1 (IDDM1) containing Human leukocyte antigens (HLA) gene and it’s haplotypes HLA-DQ, HLA-DR, and HLA-DP while several other genes has been also discussed but the mechanisms of pathogenesis still unclear. In Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) many genes have been put forward as candidate genes through (GWAS) and large meta-analysis, but only few susceptibility genes have shown convincing association in several studies, includes Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-γ (PPARG γ), Potassium Inwardly Rectifying Channel Subfamily J Member 11( KCNJ11), Transcription Factor7-Like 2 (TCF7L2) and WFS1.In contrast gene responsible for hereditary, central and nephrogenic diabetes insipidus are mutated Arginine Vasopressin-Neurophysin II (AVP-NPII) gene and either The Arginine Vasopressin Receptor 2 (AVPR2) or Aquaporin 2 (AQP2) gene respectively and studied through sequence analysis.