Combination Cancer Immunotherapy in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Combination cancer immunotherapy is becoming a major topic in cancer therapy research including in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Well-known combinations include two types of immune checkpoint inhibitors (anti-PD-1/PD-L1 and anti-CTLA-4 antibodies), anti-PD-1/PD-L1 antibody with a molecular targeted agent, and anti-PD-1/PD-L1 or -CTLA-4 antibody with existing locoregional therapies (Fig. ​(Fig.11). Open in a separate window Fig. 1 Treatment strategy using immune checkpoint inhibitors. Future direction: combination therapy. RFA, radiofrequency ablation; TACE, transarterial chemoembolization; HAIC, hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy; TKIs, tyrosine kinase inhibitors.