Exotic mineralization is a complex hydrochemical process linking supergene enrichment, lateral transport, and precipitation of oxide minerals in the drainage network of a porphyry deposit. At the El Salvador porphyry deposit in northern Chile the majority of the exotic ore comprised a mixture of copper-bearing manganese oxyhydrates termed copper wad. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and electron probe microanalysis show that the wad is composed of copper-bearing cryptomelane [K1-2(Mn3+Mn4+)8O16 • x H2O] and birnessite [K0.33\batchmode \documentclass[fleqn,10pt,legalpaper]{article} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amsmath} \pagestyle{empty} \begin{document} \(Mn_{7}^{3.9+}\) \end{document}O14 • 7H2O] structures. These natural occurrences within the exotic ore provide the opportunity to directly date the formation of these deposits using recent advances in 40Ar/39Ar geochronology of supergene K-Mn oxides formed by weathering.
A suite of copper-bearing cryptomelane and birnessite samples from exotic deposits within the El Salvador district were characterized and dated by 40Ar/39Ar laser step heating. Supergene alunite [KAl3(SO4)2(OH)6] found in paleospring feeder systems leading from the source zones of outward to the exotic mineralization was dated to independently constrain the age of exotic ore formation.
Although the Ar retentivity of the layered birnessite structure has been questioned by others, the Ar retentivity of these samples is thought to be a function of their natural preservation and limited postcrystallization ground-water interaction in the hyperarid Atacama desert. The 40Ar/39Ar analytical results show that Ar and/or K losses after crystallization, excess 40Ar, and 39Ar recoil do not pose significant problems; therefore, in the context of exotic deposits within hyperarid environments this dating method is applicable to both cryptomelane and birnessite within wad.
The 40Ar/39Ar dating of exotic mineralization at El Salvador indicates that supergene and exotic mineralization processes were active at ~35 Ma, about 5 m.y. after the emplacement of hydrothermal mineralization, and continued until the middle Miocene. The majority of exotic mineralization extends from the Oligocene-Miocene (24 Ma) boundary through the middle Miocene (11 Ma) and relates to supergene fluid emanating in multiple directions from the source of in Indio Muerto, which represents a topographic high above the exotic deposits.
One reconnaissance date of exotic mineralization at the Chuquicamata porphyry deposit yielded an age of 17.03 ± 0.03 Ma coincident with the known supergene alunite dates for this deposit. Reconnaissance dating at Exotica-Mina Sur and El Abra proved problematic due to the presence of contaminant silicate minerals within the wad.
Ages derived here for exotic mineralization are similar to the known supergene ages throughout northern Chile. The dates indicate that supergene exotic mineralization began at the Eocene-Oligocene boundary and continued through the Oligocene, eventually ceasing in the middle Miocene due to desiccation of the Atacama desert.
A series of 10-cm-thick supergene alunite veins were microsampled across their widths and dated to address the kinetics of alunite vein growth. Apparent growth rates of the veins vary from 71 to 100 mm/m.y. in the horizontal direction to 24 mm/m.y. in the vertical, presumably caused by differences in pressure regimes due to their orientation.
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