Chitosan/soy-based membranes enhance wound reepithelialization in partial thickness skin wounds

Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion induced by aging in combination with vascular disorder potentially contributes to the development of vascular dementia. This study aimed to investigate the age-related changes in spatial performances in chronic mild cerebral hypoperfusion induced by permanent right common carotid artery occlusion (rCCAO) in rats. Four-month-old male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 20) were randomly assigned into sham and rCCAO groups. Spatial performances of young adult rats (age 4-8 months) were evaluated repeatedly by the radial arm water maze at 6 days, and 1, 2 and 4 months after surgery. The spatial performance was re-assessed by the Morris water maze when the rats were 18 months old. The present results revealed that the rCCAO rats developed progressive deficit in spatial learning and memory, starting from day 6 and significant deficit was found at 2 months after rCCAO (p < 0.05). However, the spatial performance of the rCCAO rats was recovered at 4 months after surgery. Testing of the cognitive flexibility of the aged rCCAO rats (18 months old), indicated that the learning flexibility of the aged rCCAO rats was significantly impaired. This deficit was found in parallel with pronounced white matter damage in the corpus callosum and internal capsule and significant cell death in the dorsal hippocampus. Our results suggested that vascular risk insult in young adult rats resulted in spatial learning deficit which could be completely compensated later on. However, such previous vascular risk could be exacerbated by advancing age and subsequently lead to a deficit in cognitive flexibility with white matter damage and significant neuronal death in the dorsal hippocampus.