Chemical and Bioactive Evaluation of Essential Oils from Edible and Aromatic Mediterranean Lamiaceae Plants

The Lamiaceae family, which includes several well-known aromatic plants, is scientifically relevant due to its essential oils (EOs). In this work, four EOs from Mediterranean species, namely <i>Origanum vulgare</i> L., <i>Rosmarinus officinalis</i> L., <i>Salvia officinalis</i> L., and <i>Thymus vulgaris</i> L., were evaluated for their volatile profiles and the biological activity in vitro to assess their potential use in the food and cosmetic sector. GC/MS analysis revealed dominant compounds, such as carvacrol, thymol, and eucalyptol. Regarding biological action, the samples exhibited antioxidant, cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antifungal activities, with <i>O. vulgare</i> and <i>T. officinalis</i> standing out. <i>T. vulgaris</i> showed the lowest EC₅₀ in the reducing power assay, and <i>O. vulgare</i> had the lowest EC₅₀ in the DPPH assay. Most EOs also displayed excellent anti-inflammatory responses and antifungal properties, with <i>O. vulgare</i> and <i>T. vulgaris</i> also demonstrating antibacterial activity. All EOs from Mediterranean species showed cytotoxicity against tumoral cell lines. Overall, the selected EOs stood out for their interesting bioactivities, with the obtained results underscoring their potential as natural preservatives and bioactive agents in various industrial applications, including food, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics.