Binucleated human hepatocytes arise through loss of membrane anchorage to the midbody during endomitosis

Abstract Many plant and animal cells transition from canonical to non-canonical cell cycles during development, resulting in the formation of polyploid cells. Two types of non-canonical cell cycles exist: endoreplication, where cells increase their DNA content without entering M phase, and endomitosis, where cells enter M phase but exit prematurely. Although endoreplication has been extensively studied in plants and insects, much less is known on the regulation of endomitosis, which is the most common mode of polyploidization in mammals. In this study, we use fetal-derived human hepatocyte organoids (Hep-Org), to investigate how human hepatocytes initiate and execute endomitosis. We find that cells in endomitosis M phase have normal mitotic timings, but lose membrane anchorage to the midbody during cytokinesis, resulting in regression of the cytokinetic furrow and formation of binucleate cells. Using immunofluorescence, we find that three cortical anchoring proteins, RacGAP1, anillin, and citron kinase (CIT-K), lose their association with the cell cortex during cytokinetic regression. Moreover, reduction of WNT activity by withdrawal of CHIR99021, a GSK3 inhibitor, from the culturing medium increases the percentage of binucleated cells in Hep-Orgs. This effect is lost in organoids with mutations in the atypical E2F proteins, E2F7 and E2F8, which have been implicated in binucleation of rodent hepatocytes. Together, our results identify how human hepatocytes inhibit cell division in endomitosis, and highlight an evolutionary recurrent mechanism to initiate non-canonical cell cycles in mammals.