Bi‐Layered Tubular Microfiber Scaffolds as Functional Templates for Engineering Human Intestinal Smooth Muscle Tissue

Designing biomimetic scaffolds with <i>in vivo</i>-like microenvironments using biomaterials is an essential component of successful tissue engineering approaches. The intestinal smooth muscle layers exhibit a complex tubular structure consisting of two concentric muscle layers in which the inner circular layer is orthogonally oriented to the outer longitudinal layer. Here, we present a three-dimensional (3D) bi-layered tubular scaffold based on flexible, mechanically robust and well aligned silk protein microfibers to mimic native human intestinal smooth muscle structure. The scaffolds were seeded with primary human intestinal smooth muscle cells to replicate human intestinal muscle tissues <i>in vitro</i>. Characterization of the tissue constructs revealed good biocompatibility and support for cell alignment and elongation in the different scaffold layers to enhance cell differentiation and functions. Furthermore, the engineered smooth muscle constructs supported oriented neurite outgrowth, a requisite step to achieve functional innervation. These results suggested these microfiber scaffolds as functional templates for <i>in vitro</i> regeneration of human intestinal smooth muscle systems. The scaffolding provides a crucial step toward engineering functional human intestinal tissue <i>in vitro</i>, as well as for the engineering of many other types of smooth muscles in terms of their similar phenotypes. Such utility may lead to a better understanding of smooth muscle associated diseases and treatments.