Atomic-Layer IrO_<i>x</i> Enabling Ligand Effect Boosts Water Oxidation Electrocatalysis

An <i>in situ</i> formed IrO_<i>x</i> (<i>x</i> ≤ 2) layer driven by anodic bias serves as the essential active site of Ir-based materials for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) electrocatalysis. Once being confined to atomic thickness, such an IrO_<i>x</i> layer possesses both a favorable ligand effect and maximized active Ir sites with a lower O-coordination number. However, limited by a poor understanding of surface reconstruction dynamics, obtaining atomic layers of IrO_<i>x</i> remains experimentally challenging. Herein, we report an idea of material design using intermetallic IrVMn nanoparticles to induce <i>in situ</i> formation of an ultrathin IrO_<i>x</i> layer (O-IrVMn/IrO_<i>x</i>) to enable the ligand effect for achieving superior OER electrocatalysis. Theoretical calculations predict that a strong electronic interaction originating from an orderly atomic arrangement can effectively hamper the excessive leaching of transition metals, minimizing vacancies for oxygen coordination. Linear X-ray absorption near edge spectra analysis, extended X-ray absorption fine structure fitting outcomes, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy collectively confirm that Ir is present in lower oxidation states in O-IrVMn/IrO_<i>x</i> due to the presence of unsaturated O-coordination. Consequently, the O-IrVMn/IrO_<i>x</i> delivers excellent acidic OER performances with an overpotential of only 279 mV at 10 mA cm^-2 and a high mass activity of 2.3 A mg^-1 at 1.53 V (vs RHE), exceeding most Ir-based catalysts reported. Moreover, O-IrVMn/IrO_<i>x</i> also showed excellent catalytic stability with only 0.05 at. % Ir dissolution under electrochemical oxidation, much lower than that of disordered D-IrVMn/IrO_<i>x</i> (0.20 at. %). Density functional theory calculations unravel that the intensified ligand effect optimizes the adsorption energies of multiple intermediates involved in the OER and stabilizes the as-formed catalytic IrO_<i>x</i> layer.