Atherogenic Dyslipidemia in Children and Adolescents: Current Evidence, Clinical Challenges, and Future Perspectives

Atherogenic dyslipidemia is a condition characterized by high lipid levels that promote the development of atherosclerosis. While the clinical manifestations of atherosclerosis typically manifest in adulthood, early vascular damage can be identified in children and adolescents. Dyslipidemia is not uncommon in childhood and adolescence, and its development depends on the interaction between genetic and environmental factors. Forms caused by genetic defects tend to manifest earlier and usually require drug treatment. Forms caused by unhealthy lifestyles and eating habits tend to manifest later and often only require dietary and behavioural treatment. The review describes the most common primary forms, diagnostic criteria and treatment options, both pharmacological and non-pharmacological, emphasizing the differences and specificities of dyslipidemia in children compared to adults. The review's objective is also to provide a clinically focused summary of the current evidence on atherogenic dyslipidemia in children and adolescents.