Established guidelines for causal inference in epidemiological studies may be inappropriate for genetic associations. A consensus process was used to develop guidance criteria for assessing cumulative epidemiologic evidence in genetic associations. A proposed semi-quantitative index assigns three levels for the amount of evidence, extent of replication, and protection from bias, and also generates a composite assessment of 'strong', 'moderate' or 'weak' epidemiological credibility. In addition, we discuss how additional input and guidance can be derived from biological data. Future empirical research and consensus development are needed to develop an integrated model for combining epidemiological and biological evidence in the rapidly evolving field of investigation of genetic factors.
P. Boffetta, Deborah M. Winn, John P A Ioannidis, Duncan C. Thomas, Julian Little, George Davey Smith, V. J. Cogliano, Stephen S. Hecht, Daniela Seminara, P. Vineis, Muin J. Khoury
Eleonora Staines-Urias, María Carolina Páez, Pat Doyle, Frank Dudbridge, Norma C. Serrano, John P A Ioannidis, Brendan J. Keating, Aroon D. Hingorani, Juan P. Casas
Foteini Chatzinasiou, Cinzia Lilli, K. Kypraiou, Irene Stefanaki, V. Nicolaou, George M. Spyrou, Εvangelos Εvangelou, Johannes T. Roehr, Elisavet Kodela, A. Katsambas, John P A Ioannidis, Lars Bertram, A. Stratigos
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