Assessing the Biocompatibility of Ti3C2 MXene Nanosheets with Terrestrial and Aquatic Plant Systems

In this study, the biocompatibility of MXene, an emergent class of two-dimensional nanomaterials, with plant systems was explored. Varying concentrations of Ti3C2-based MXene nanosheets were administered to two distinct plant groups—soil-grown Firecracker Flowers (Crossandra infundibuliformis) and water-based Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes). Predominantly, MXene was observed to be perceived by plant systems as a contaminant, as evidenced by analysis of collected data and images during our experiement. Stronger biocompatibility with soil plants compared to aquatic plants was demonstrated. Over a 19-day observation period, no disruption to the potted soil ecosystem of Firecracker Flowers was detected due to Ti3C2, while a significant impact on the Water Hyacinth ecosystem was noted. The effect of Ti3C2 on Water Hyacinth was found to be substantial and exhibited characteristics akin to those of typical pollutants. Through advanced techniques such as optical microscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), the assimilation and spatial distribution of Ti3C2 within plant matrices were investigated. Ti3C2 was found to be absorbable by plants, but its diffusion within the plant body was determined to be notably limited. This study sheds light on the potential environmental implications of MXene nanomaterials.