Application of Kramers‐Kronig Transforms in the Analysis of Electrochemical Impedance Data: II . Transformations in the Complex Plane

Algorithms have been developed to apply the Kramers‐Kronig transforms in the analysis of experimental electrochemical impedance data. The application of these algorithms is illustrated by transforming calculated impedance data for an electrical equivalent circuit, by transforming experimental data for carbon steel in solution at 25°C, and by analyzing data for an aluminum alloy in at 60°C. These transforms, coupled with statistical techniques, provide a powerful means of evaluating the validity of impedance data with respect to spurious errors that are present in either the real or imaginary component, and with respect to system stability.