Adsorption of Ammonium from Anaerobic Food Waste Digestate by Pristine and Modified Eucalyptus Biochar for Nitrogen Fertiliser Use

Abstract Effectively managing and transforming organic waste into a valuable resource is critical for minimising environmental impact, conserving resources, and mitigating climate change. Anaerobic digestate of solid food waste has high ammonium (NH 4 + ) concentration and discharging it into the environment after nitrification may cause eutrophication. This study aimed to characterise (i) the adsorption of NH 4 + from anaerobic digestate of food waste by biochar derived from mixed eucalypt ( Eucalyptus spp.) tree species before and after modification with HNO 3 and Na 2 CO 3 and (ii) the use of NH 4 + -loaded biochar as a potential N fertiliser. The isotherm and kinetics experiments using pure NH 4 + solution and anaerobic digestate solution revealed that modifications to eucalypt biochar enhanced NH 4 + adsorption capacity, predominantly through ion exchange and electrostatic interaction related to cation exchange capacity. A glasshouse pot study using maize plants was conducted with ammonium-loaded pristine and modified eucalypt biochar. The batch sorption data were fitted to Langmuir and Freundlich models for the isotherm and pseudo-first order, pseudo-second order, Elovich, and intraparticle diffusion models for the kinetics. The pseudo-secondorder and Elovich models closely matched the experimental breakthrough curves for NH 4 + . Post-modification, the eucalypt biochar effectively extracted NH 4 + from pure NH 4 + solution and digestate, primarily through chemisorption via ion exchange, electrostatic interaction, cationic interaction. A glasshouse pot study using maize plants revealed that ammonium-loaded pristine and modified eucalypt biochar increased plant growth, suggesting that it can be used as an alternative to synthetic N fertiliser. Modified eucalypt biochar might be suitable for treating digestate liquid from various sources and reducing NH 4 + concentration and N losses from digestate liquid. Enriched modified biochar might be reused as nitrogen fertiliser in the soil.