A review of scalable and privacy-preserving multi-agent frameworks for distributed energy resources

Distributed energy resources (DERs) are gaining prominence due to their advantages in improving energy efficiency, reducing carbon emissions, and enhancing grid resilience. Despite the increasing deployment, the potential of DERs has yet to be fully explored and exploited. A fundamental question restrains the management of numerous DERs in large-scale power systems, “ How should DER data be securely processed and DER operations be efficiently optimized? ” To address this question, this paper considers two critical issues, namely privacy for processing DER data and scalability in optimizing DER operations , then surveys existing and emerging solutions from a multi-agent framework perspective. In the context of scalability, this paper reviews state-of-the-art research that relies on parallel control, optimization, and learning within distributed and/or decentralized information exchange structures, while in the context of privacy, it identifies privacy preservation measures that can be synthesized into the aforementioned scalable structures. Despite research advances in these areas, challenges remain because these highly interdisciplinary studies blend a wide variety of scalable computing architectures and privacy preservation techniques from different fields, making them difficult to adapt in practice. To mitigate this issue, this paper provides a holistic review of trending strategies that orchestrate privacy and scalability for large-scale power system operations from a multi-agent perspective, particularly for DER control problems. Furthermore, this review extrapolates new approaches for future scalable, privacy-aware, and cybersecure pathways to unlock the full potential of DERs through controlling, optimizing, and learning generic multi-agent-based cyber–physical systems. • An overview of multi-agent-based distributed energy resource (DER) control is presented. • State-of-art scalable multi-agent frameworks for DERs are surveyed. • Privacy threats are identified and classified. • Privacy preservation techniques are summarized and analyzed. • Future directions on scalable, privacy-aware, and secure multi-agent frameworks are highlighted.