A Green Node Structuring Protocol for IoT-WSNs Based on Hybrid Fairy-Wren Optimization Theory

The rapid expansion of Internet of Things (IoT) applications, ranging from environmental monitoring to industrial automation, has placed unprecedented demands on wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Ensuring sustained operation and reliable data delivery under stringent energy constraints and uneven traffic patterns remains a vital research challenge. This paper introduces a cluster head (CH) structuring framework powered by a hybrid Superb Fairy Wren Optimization Algorithm (SFOA) that orchestrates dynamic CH rotation to balance energy usage and alleviate hotspots. A composite fitness function is formulated by integrating residual node energy, distance to sink, neighbor density, transmission latency, and energy consumption rate. Additionally, hierarchical data aggregation is employed at both intra and inter cluster levels to minimize communication overhead. Evaluation results demonstrate a 33.99 % increase in network stability duration and a 30 % extension in overall network lifetime compared to state of the art protocols. To our knowledge, this is the first integration of a Fairy Wren inspired metaheuristic with CH based clustering for WSN energy management, yielding significant improvements in network longevity and reliability.