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No abstract is provided for this article.

Forests are of major importance to human society, contributing several crucial ecosystem services. Biodiversity is suggested to positively influence multiple services but evidence from natural systems at scales relevant to management is scarce. Here, across a scale of 400,000 km2, we report that tree species richness in production forests shows positive to positively hump-shaped relationships with multiple ecosystem services. These include production of tree biomass, soil carbon storage, berry production and game production potential. For example, biomass production was approximately 50% greater with five than with one tree species. In addition, we show positive relationships between tree species richness and proxies for other biodiversity components. Importantly, no single tree species was able to promote all services, and some services were negatively correlated to each other. Management of production forests will therefore benefit from considering multiple tree species to sustain the full range of benefits that the society obtains from forests. Tree diversity is thought to benefit forest ecosystems, but evidence from large-scale studies is scarce. This study of a 400,000 km2forest area shows that higher tree species richness supports higher levels of multiple ecosystem services, and therefore also a more sustainable management of production forests.

Permanent forest plot data from Sabah, Malaysia. Danum Valley Conservation Area. Here we provide a brief description of the permanent plot data collected following the same protocols utilized within the Kuamut forest reserve. Twenty circular field plots with a 30 m radius that were established across the protected area as part of a collaboration between SEARRP and the Carnegie Airborne Observatory (CAO) in 2017. See 'Danum Revised' forest field plot data for twenty 0.28 hectare field plots, measured in 2017 In 2020 we added an additional 15 plots as part of work for Keller et al. 'Biodiversity consequences of long-term active forest restoration in selectively-logged tropical rainforests', and so this dataset is the full 35 field plots measured in 2020. These plots were surveyed following the same protocols as those described by the Kuamut conservation project. The field protocol is provided. The original 20 Field plot locations where selected using airborne LiDAR to specifically target both high Aboveground Carbon Density (ACD) areas, and also areas with different ACD predictions based on a draft set of carbon mapping models. See Asner et al. (2017) and Jucker et al. (2018) for further details. In 2020 we selected existing these additional 15 plot points using a high resolution biomass map (see: Asner et al. 2017; Asner et al. 2021). In order to represent the entirety of the area sufficiently, we chose plot locations to represent the average biomass value and variation around it of the majority of the managed area (cf. Philipson et al. (2020) for regional values). The plot location further must have fulfilled the following criteria: (1) plots had to be at least 100 m away from noticeable features such as roads to avoid edge effects (but for logistic reasons they nevertheless had to be in the vicinity of roads); (2) plots had to be spread out as much as logistically feasible; (see Keller et al. (submitted), for full details). Note Keller et al. (submitted), used 30 plots for a balanced design between naturally regenerating and actively restored areas. Here we present all 35 plots measured in 2020. Plot locations where additionally updated using an SXblue GPS differential with SBAS augmentation. These locations are provided. Use of these data require citation of this dataset, the associated publication (Keller et al. submitted), as well as the 2017 dataset (which describes the full set up process),. We also require that you inform us of the use of the data would also appreciate the opportunity to be involved in work making use of this data. The required citations are follows: Philipson, Christopher D., Brodrick, Philip G., Milne, Sol, Murus, Remmy, Rasion, Joulu, Reynolds, Glen, Siew Yee, Hii, Ulok, Philip Ak, & Asner, Gregory P. (2023). 'Danum Revised' forest field plot data for twenty 0.28 hectare field plots, measured in 2017 (1.0) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8042050 Keller et al. (submitted). 'Biodiversity consequences of long-term active forest restoration in selectively-logged tropical rainforests', This work would not be possible without the incredibly hard work and dedication of the entire SEARRP field team, including Philip Ak Ulok; Hii Siew Yee; Remmy Bin Murus; Alexander Karolus; Andy Brian Karolus; Frederica Karolus; Zidey Fulgentius; Welday Bin Girang; Mohamad Taufiq Bin Sumin, Mohd Fadil Bin Abd Karim, Joulu Rasion, and Japin Bin Rasion. We are very grateful to the help of all the field staff not specifically mentioned here.­ References Asner, Gregory P., Philip G. Brodrick, Christopher Philipson, Nicolas R. Vaughn, Roberta E. Martin, David E. Knapp, Joseph Heckler, et al. 2017. "Mapped Aboveground Carbon Stocks to Advance Forest Conservation and Recovery in Malaysian Borneo." Biological Conservation 217 (June 2017): 289–310. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2017.10.020 Jucker, Tommaso, Gregory P. Asner, Michele Dalponte, Philip G. Brodrick, Christopher D. Philipson, Nicholas R. Vaughn, Yit Arn Teh, et al. 2018. "Estimating Aboveground Carbon Density and Its Uncertainty in Borneo's Structurally Complex Tropical Forests Using Airborne Laser Scanning." Biogeosciences 15 (12): 3811–30. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-3811-2018 Keller, Nadine, Pascal A Niklaus, Jaboury Ghazoul, Tobias Marfil, Elia Godoong, and Christopher D Philipson. 2023. "Biodiversity Consequences of Long-Term Active Forest Restoration in Selectively-Logged Tropical Rainforests." Forest Ecology and Management 549: 4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2023.121414. Philipson, Christopher D., Mark E.J. Cutler, Philip G. Brodric, Gregory P. Asne, Doreen S. Boy, Pedro Moura Costa, Joel Fiddes, et al. 2020. "Active Restoration Accelerates the Carbon Recovery of Human-Modified Tropical Forests." Science 369 (6505): 838–41. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aay4490 Philipson, Christopher D., Brodrick, Philip G., Milne, Sol, Murus, Remmy, Rasion, Joulu, Reynolds, Glen, Siew Yee, Hii, Ulok, Philip Ak, & Asner, Gregory P. (2023). 'Danum Revised' forest field plot data for twenty 0.28 hectare field plots, measured in 2017 (1.0) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8042050

Deforestation and forest degradation lead to an increase in the level of carbon in the atmosphere and disrupted the global carbon cycle. The tropical forest has received a lot of interest since it contributes around 60% of the total global forest carbon. By enhancing carbon sink, tropical forests have a great potential in mitigating climate change. Assessing aboveground biomass (AGB) and carbon stock through field inventories is crucial for this purpose as it provides the most accurate result. The research was conducted at Danum Valley Conservation Area and INFAPRO in Sabah, Malaysia. An earlier study over 35 years ago at this site suggests that restored forests accrue AGB at twice the rate of regenerating forests, though the cause of this difference between treatments is unclear. Thus, this study will focus on three principal study sites which are restored, naturally regenerating and old-growth forests to determine the forest’s potential to sequester and store carbon in the forest ecosystem. These three sites were chosen because it is a well-established plot from the earlier inventory over the last seven years. The field measuring method is a non-destructive methodology. Tree parameters such as diameter at breast height (DBH), tree height and tree species diversity were collected for calculating AGB using a species-specific allometric equation. Results showed a positive correlation between tree species, diameter at breast height, and biomass/carbon stock across three different forest treatments. The active restoration increases up to 151% carbon stock whilst the old-growth forest increased by 34% and natural regeneration increased by 73%, which active restoration can be the best solution for forest treatment. The outcome of this study will increase the ability of forest authorities and the Malaysian government to effective monitoring of carbon stock for establishing reliable standard guidelines in measuring deforestation and forest degradation toward achieving sustainable forest management.

Permanent forest plot data from Sabah, Malaysia. Danum Valley Conservation Area. Here we provide a brief description of the permanent plot data collected following the same protocols utilized within the Kuamut forest reserve. Twenty circular field plots with a 30 m radius that were established across the protected area as part of a collaboration between SEARRP and the Carnegie Airborne Observatory (CAO) in 2017. See 'Danum Revised' forest field plot data for twenty 0.28 hectare field plots, measured in 2017 In 2020 we added an additional 15 plots as part of work for Keller et al. 'Biodiversity consequences of long-term active forest restoration in selectively-logged tropical rainforests', and so this dataset is the full 35 field plots measured in 2020. These plots were surveyed following the same protocols as those described by the Kuamut conservation project. The field protocol is provided. The original 20 Field plot locations where selected using airborne LiDAR to specifically target both high Aboveground Carbon Density (ACD) areas, and also areas with different ACD predictions based on a draft set of carbon mapping models. See Asner et al. (2017) and Jucker et al. (2018) for further details. In 2020 we selected existing these additional 15 plot points using a high resolution biomass map (see: Asner et al. 2017; Asner et al. 2021). In order to represent the entirety of the area sufficiently, we chose plot locations to represent the average biomass value and variation around it of the majority of the managed area (cf. Philipson et al. (2020) for regional values). The plot location further must have fulfilled the following criteria: (1) plots had to be at least 100 m away from noticeable features such as roads to avoid edge effects (but for logistic reasons they nevertheless had to be in the vicinity of roads); (2) plots had to be spread out as much as logistically feasible; (see Keller et al. (submitted), for full details). Note Keller et al. (submitted), used 30 plots for a balanced design between naturally regenerating and actively restored areas. Here we present all 35 plots measured in 2020. Plot locations where additionally updated using an SXblue GPS differential with SBAS augmentation. These locations are provided. Use of these data require citation of this dataset, the associated publication (Keller et al. submitted), as well as the 2017 dataset (which describes the full set up process),. We also require that you inform us of the use of the data would also appreciate the opportunity to be involved in work making use of this data. The required citations are follows: Philipson, Christopher D., Brodrick, Philip G., Milne, Sol, Murus, Remmy, Rasion, Joulu, Reynolds, Glen, Siew Yee, Hii, Ulok, Philip Ak, & Asner, Gregory P. (2023). 'Danum Revised' forest field plot data for twenty 0.28 hectare field plots, measured in 2017 (1.0) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8042050 Keller et al. (submitted). 'Biodiversity consequences of long-term active forest restoration in selectively-logged tropical rainforests', This work would not be possible without the incredibly hard work and dedication of the entire SEARRP field team, including Philip Ak Ulok; Hii Siew Yee; Remmy Bin Murus; Alexander Karolus; Andy Brian Karolus; Frederica Karolus; Zidey Fulgentius; Welday Bin Girang; Mohamad Taufiq Bin Sumin, Mohd Fadil Bin Abd Karim, Joulu Rasion, and Japin Bin Rasion. We are very grateful to the help of all the field staff not specifically mentioned here.­ References Asner, Gregory P., Philip G. Brodrick, Christopher Philipson, Nicolas R. Vaughn, Roberta E. Martin, David E. Knapp, Joseph Heckler, et al. 2017. "Mapped Aboveground Carbon Stocks to Advance Forest Conservation and Recovery in Malaysian Borneo." Biological Conservation 217 (June 2017): 289–310. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2017.10.020 Jucker, Tommaso, Gregory P. Asner, Michele Dalponte, Philip G. Brodrick, Christopher D. Philipson, Nicholas R. Vaughn, Yit Arn Teh, et al. 2018. "Estimating Aboveground Carbon Density and Its Uncertainty in Borneo's Structurally Complex Tropical Forests Using Airborne Laser Scanning." Biogeosciences 15 (12): 3811–30. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-3811-2018 Keller, Nadine, Pascal A Niklaus, Jaboury Ghazoul, Tobias Marfil, Elia Godoong, and Christopher D Philipson. 2023. "Biodiversity Consequences of Long-Term Active Forest Restoration in Selectively-Logged Tropical Rainforests." Forest Ecology and Management 549: 4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2023.121414. Philipson, Christopher D., Mark E.J. Cutler, Philip G. Brodric, Gregory P. Asne, Doreen S. Boy, Pedro Moura Costa, Joel Fiddes, et al. 2020. "Active Restoration Accelerates the Carbon Recovery of Human-Modified Tropical Forests." Science 369 (6505): 838–41. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aay4490 Philipson, Christopher D., Brodrick, Philip G., Milne, Sol, Murus, Remmy, Rasion, Joulu, Reynolds, Glen, Siew Yee, Hii, Ulok, Philip Ak, & Asner, Gregory P. (2023). 'Danum Revised' forest field plot data for twenty 0.28 hectare field plots, measured in 2017 (1.0) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8042050

Data file accompanying the publication Biodiversity consequences of long-term active forest restoration in selectively-logged tropical rainforests. (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2023.121414) This data file entails the calculated tree diversity and forest structure parameters presented in the above-named publication. The raw data on the adult tree data per plot can be accessed in the following repository: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8042468 , and the raw data on the seedling data per plot can be accessed in the following repository: https://zenodo.org/record/8063292 Use of these data require citation of this dataset, the raw data on adult trees, the raw data on seedlings, the associated publication (Keller et al. submitted), as well as the 2017 dataset (which describes the full set up process). We also require that you inform us of the use of the data would also appreciate the opportunity to be involved in work making use of this data. The required citations are follows: Keller, Nadine, Niklaus, Pascal A., Ghazoul, Jaboury, Marfil, Tobias, Godoong, Elia, & Philipson, Christopher D. (2023). TreeDiversity_ForestStructure [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8041128 Keller, Nadine, Karolus, Alexander, Murus, Remmy, O'Brien, Michael, Rasion, Joulu, Reynolds, Glen, Siew Yee, Hii, Ulok, Philip Ak, & Philipson, Christopher D. (2023). 'Danum Revised' forest field plot data for thirty-five 0.28 hectare field plots, measured in 2020 (0.9) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8042468 Marfil, Tobias, Keller, Nadine, Bin Abd Karim, Bin Jelling, Steven, Zenden, & Philipson, Christopher D. (2023). 'Danum Revised' seedling data for twenty-seven 4 m2 field plots, measured in 2020 [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8063292 Keller, Nadine, Pascal A Niklaus, Jaboury Ghazoul, Tobias Marfil, Elia Godoong, and Christopher D Philipson. 2023. "Biodiversity Consequences of Long-Term Active Forest Restoration in Selectively-Logged Tropical Rainforests." Forest Ecology and Management 549: 4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2023.121414. Philipson, Christopher D., Brodrick, Philip G., Milne, Sol, Murus, Remmy, Rasion, Joulu, Reynolds, Glen, Siew Yee, Hii, Ulok, Philip Ak, & Asner, Gregory P. (2023). 'Danum Revised' forest field plot data for twenty 0.28 hectare field plots, measured in 2017 (1.0) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8042050

Global change research has largely focused on the effects of drought on forest dynamics while the importance of excessive rainfall that can cause waterlogged soils has largely been assessed in riparian zones or seasonally flooded sites. However, increased rainfall may also cause decreased growth and survival of tree species in lowland aseasonal tropical forests due to increased risk from potentially more extensive and frequent waterlogged soils. We used a Bayesian modelling approach on a tree dynamics dataset from 2004 to 2017 to test the concomitant effects of rainfall excess and deficit and dry period length on tree growth and survival across a network of experimentally planted trees in a primary aseasonal forest in Malaysia. Growth declined in 48% of the species and survival decreased in 92% of the species during periods of high rainfall while as little as 4% of species had decreased growth or survival with drought and long dry periods. Climate change is projected to cause more frequent and severe rainfall deficit and excess, and our results suggest increased rainfall may have stronger negative effects on aseasonal tropical forests than that of severe drought.

No abstract is provided for this article.

Abstract We urgently need to restore degraded tropical forests to mitigate the climate and biodiversity crises, but how to do so rapidly and cost-effectively remains an open question. Here we provide a long-term, landscape-scale assessment of the effectiveness of enrichment tree planting and liana cutting, the two most common restoration interventions used across many tropical regions. Leveraging one of the world’s largest and longest running forest restoration experiments, we used repeat airborne laser scanning to track the 3D structural recovery of 500 ha of selectively logged rainforest in Borneo. Over an 18-year period, enrichment planting increased mean canopy height by 1.6 m relative to unplanted controls. Remarkably, liana cutting increased canopy height more than four times faster (3.7 m over just 9 years). This recovery was jointly driven by accelerated canopy gap closure, enhanced tree growth, and a 50% reduction in tree mortality. Given that liana cutting is around 10 times cheaper to implement than enrichment planting, our results suggest it provides a cost-effective, scalable solution to accelerate the structural recovery of logged tropical forests.