Publications

The frontal electromyographic adaptation response

Undergraduates were recruited to provide a descriptive analysis of the frontal electromyographic (EMG) adaptation response. Following placement of sensors,

Mutations in the Conserved C-Terminal Sequence in Thyroid Hormone Receptor Dissociate Hormone-Dependent Activation from Interference with AP-1 Activity

A short C-terminal sequence that is deleted in the v-ErbA oncoprotein and conserved in members of the nuclear receptor superfamily is required for normal biological function of its normal cellular counterpart, the thyroid hormone receptor alpha (T3R alpha). We carried out an extensive mutational analysis of this region based on the crystal structure of the hormone-bound ligand binding domain of T3R alpha. Mutagenesis of Leu398 or Glu401, which are surface exposed according to the crystal structure, completely blocks or significantly impairs T3-dependent transcriptional activation but does not affect or only partially diminishes interference with AP-1 activity. These are the first mutations that clearly dissociate these activities for T3R alpha. Substitution of Leu400, which is also surface exposed, does not affect interference with AP-1 activity and only partially diminishes T3-dependent transactivation. None of the mutations affect ligand-independent transactivation, consistent with previous findings that this activity is mediated by the N-terminal domain of T3R alpha. The loss of ligand-dependent transactivation for some mutants can largely be reversed in the presence of GRIP1, which acts as a strong ligand-dependent coactivator for wild-type T3R alpha. There is excellent correlation between T3-dependent in vitro association of GRIP1 with T3R alpha mutants and their ability to support T3-dependent transcriptional activation. Therefore, GRIP1, previously found to interact with the glucocorticoid, estrogen, and androgen receptors, may also have a role in T3R alpha-mediated ligand-dependent transcriptional activation. When fused to a heterologous DNA binding domain, that of the yeast transactivator GAL4, the conserved C terminus of T3R alpha functions as a strong ligand-independent activator in both mammalian and yeast cells. However, point mutations within this region have drastically different effects on these activities compared to their effect on the full-length T3R alpha. We conclude that the C-terminal conserved region contains a recognition surface for GRIP1 or a similar coactivator that facilitates its interaction with the basal transcriptional apparatus. While important for ligand-dependent transactivation, this interaction surface is not directly involved in transrepression of AP-1 activity.

Places where children are active: A longitudinal examination of children's physical activity

Using two-year longitudinal data, we examined locations where children spent time and were active, whether location patterns were stable, and relationships between spending time in their home neighborhood and moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA). At two time points (2007–2009 and 2009–2011), children living in the metropolitans areas of either San Diego, CA or Seattle, WA wore an accelerometer, and parents recorded their child's locations for seven days. Across two years, global average proportion of time spent in each location was stable, but total time and proportion of time in each location spent in MVPA decreased significantly across all locations. Children spent the largest proportion of time in MVPA in their home neighborhood at both time points, although they spent little time in their home neighborhood.

Supplementary Data from Concurrent Disruption of the Ras/MAPK and NF-κB Pathways Induces Circadian Deregulation and Hepatocarcinogenesis

Supplementary Data from Concurrent Disruption of the Ras/MAPK and NF-κB Pathways Induces Circadian Deregulation and Hepatocarcinogenesis

Anxiety and depression management for the elderly.

No abstract is provided for this article.

Fatty Acid-Induced T Cell Loss Greases Liver Carcinogenesis

Associations of home and neighborhood environments with children’s physical activity in the U.S.-based Neighborhood Impact on Kids (NIK) longitudinal cohort study

Introduction Physical activity is important for children’s health and well-being. Supportiveness for physical activity of home and neighborhood environments may affect children’s PA, but most studies are cross-sectional. We examined environmental predictors of change in children’s physical activity over two years. Methods Data were from the longitudinal, observational cohort study, ‘Neighborhood Impact on Kids’. Participants were children (initially aged 6–12 years) and their parent/caregiver ( n = 727 dyads) living in neighborhoods throughout San Diego County, California and King County (Seattle area), Washington, USA. Children’s moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) was measured using accelerometers at T1 (Time 1 or baseline, 2007–2009) and T2, the two-year follow-up. At T1, parents survey-reported on physical activity (PA) equipment at home and demographics. Neighborhood environment was measured using spatial data in Geographic Information Systems (intersection density; park availability) and in-person audits (informal play space near home; park-based PA facilities; land use; support for walking/cycling). Generalized additive mixed models estimated total effects, then direct effects, of environmental attributes on MVPA at T1. Two-way moderating effects of child’s sex and age were examined at T1. To examine associations of environmental exposures with changes in MVPA, we estimated interaction effects of environmental attributes on the association between time and MVPA. Results On average, children accumulated 146 min/day (standard deviation or SD = 53) of MVPA at T1, and 113 (SD = 58) min/day at T2. There were no significant total or direct effects of environmental attributes on MVPA at T1, and no significant two-way interaction effects of child’s age and sex for T1 MVPA. Having informal play spaces proximal to home with more amenities was associated with less MVPA decline from T1 to T2. Higher residential density, higher land use mix, and higher number of PA facilities in nearby parks were unexpectedly associated with greater MVPA decline. Conclusion Higher quality informal play spaces close to home may help offset declines in MVPA during middle childhood, as they may promote unstructured active play with opportunities for parental or neighbor surveillance. Unexpectedly, environmental factors consistent with higher walkability were associated with greater declines in children’s MVPA. As physical activity differs across the lifespan, so may environmental factors that facilitate it.

Physical Activity Neighborhood Environment Scale--Nigerian Version

Comparative Effectiveness Research

Comparative effectiveness research (CER) is designed to support informed decision making at both the individual, population, and policy levels. The American College of Sports Medicine and partners convened a conference with the focus of building an agenda for CER within the context of physical activity and nonpharmacological lifestyle approaches in the prevention and treatment of chronic disease. This report summarizes the conference content and consensus recommendations that culminated in a CER roadmap for physical activity and lifestyle approaches to reducing the risk of chronic disease.This conference focused on presentations and discussion around the following topic areas: 1) defining CER, 2) identifying the current funding climate to support CER, 3) summarizing methods for conducting CER, and 4) identifying CER opportunities for physical activity.This conference resulted in consensus recommendations to adopt a CER roadmap for physical activity and lifestyle approaches to reducing the risk of chronic disease. In general, this roadmap provides a systematic framework by which CER for physical activity can move from a planning phase to a phase of engagement in CER related to lifestyle factors with particular emphasis on physical activity to a societal change phase that results in changes in policy, practice, and health.It is recommended that physical activity researchers and health care providers use the roadmap developed from this conference as a method to systematically engage in and apply CER to the promotion of physical activity as a key lifestyle behavior that can be effective at making an impact on a variety of health-related outcomes.

AU Binding Proteins Recruit the Exosome to Degrade ARE-Containing mRNAs

Reliability of Interviewers Using the Seven-Day Physical Activity Recall

The Seven-Day Physical Activity Recall interview is commonly used in epidemiologic research, but the methods of training and certifying interviewers have not been studied or standardized. The purpose of this study was to examine the reliability of the Seven-Day Physical Activity Recall interviews after a structured training program. Twenty-one volunteer interviewers participated in a five-session group training program that targeted standardized interview techniques and scoring procedures. Interviewers scored eight videotaped interviews on two occasions to assess scoring skills. Across all videotapes and interviewers, the test-retest reliability was .99. Two interviewers independently interviewed the same person on the same day, and the reliability of kilocalorie expenditure across interviewers was .86. It was concluded that naive individuals can be taught to reliably conduct and score the Seven-Day Physical Activity Recall interview in a brief training program. Key Words: physical activityassessmentinterviews

Psychosocial and environmental correlates of active commuting for university students

Objective To examine psychosocial and environmental correlates of active commuting to university (ACU) and explore its association with overall physical activity among college students. Methods The sample included 518 students (mean 22.4years; 59.7% female) from two universities in Valencia, Spain. Weekly estimations of energy expenditure from ACU and total physical activity were obtained. Socio-economic status, self-efficacy, barriers to active transport, access to car and motorbike, access to public transport, walking and cycling facilities and distance to university were assessed. Data were collected April and May of 2009, using a self-administered survey. A structural equation model was used to analyze associations among variables. Results ACU was inversely correlated with access to private motorized transport (car or motorbike). Perception of physical self-efficacy and walking and cycling facilities were positively associated with ACU, while planning/psychosocial barriers were negatively associated. Multivariate modelling explained 19% of variance in ACU. ACU was not related to total daily physical activity. Conclusions Both psychological and environmental variables were significant correlates of ACU. Present findings provide an empirical basis for interventions to increase active transport among university students.

The Caltrac accelerometer as a physical activity monitor for school-age children

SALLIS, J. F., M. J. BUONO, J. J. ROBY, D. CARLSON, and J. A. NELSON. The Caltrac accelerometer as a physical activity monitor for school-aged children. Med. Sci. Sports Exer., Vol. 22, No. 5, pp. 698–703, 1990. The performance of the Caltrac accelerometer was studied in elementary school-age children under field and laboratory conditions. In Study 1, 35 children (20 boys, 15 girls, mean age = 10.8 yr) wore the accelerometer and a heart rate (HR) monitor for 2 d. Caltrac activity counts per hour were compared to the mean “activity HR”, which was calculated by subtracting the mean of the five lowest HRs of the day from each recorded HR. Pearson r's between accelerometer and activity HR were 0.54 (P < 0.001) on day 1 and 0.42 (p < 0.02) on day 2. Inter-instrument reliability in the field was r = 0.96. Both accelerometer and HR data were significantly correlated with physical activity recalls of the same day. In Study 2, 15 children walked/ran for 10 min at 3, 4, and 5 mph on a horizontal treadmill while wearing two accelerometers. Oxygen uptake was directly measured each minute. Reliability of the Caltracs in the laboratory was 0.89. Activity count correlated r = 0.82 (SEE = 23%) with net calorie cost per kg of body weight. Net caloric expenditure per kg of weight was 0.101 kcal·kg−1·d−1 per Caltrac activity count. These data support the use of the Caltrac accelerometer as a physical activity measure for school-age children, and the objective data tended to corroborate the children's short-term activity recalls.

ACCELEROMETER (CSA) COUNT CUT POINTS FOR PHYSICAL ACTIVITY INTENSITY RANGES IN YOUTH 413

The aim of this study was to obtain accelerometer count cut points that correspond to physical activity performed at moderate (3-5.99 METs), vigorous(6-8.99 METs) and very vigorous (≥9 METs) activity in school aged children. Subjects were 80 (41 F, 39 M) youths ranging in age from 6 to 18 years. The students performed treadmill walking and running at 3 different speeds at 0 grade, randomly assigned, for 5 min, with a 5 min rest between speeds. Data collected included the average of the last 2 min for VO2 in liters per min and counts per min from a CSA single-plane monitor worn on the right hip. A regression equation had been calculated predicting METs from counts and age. The equation had been validated with 50 and cross-validated with 30 of the subjects and then rerun with the total 80 students. The final equation was used to calculate counts from a given MET value and age. For students <12 years old, the energy expenditure was ≥3.8 METs for the lowest speed and counts were not calculated. For other ages, counts were determined for 3 METs, and for all ages for 6 and 9 METs. For a 6 year old, cut points were 2100 for 6 METs and 5392 for 9 METs. For a 12 year old, cut points were 527 for 3 METs, 3719 for 6 METs and 6910 for 9 METs. For an 18 year old, 2146 for 3 METs, 5338 for 6 METs, and 8529 for 9 METs. These cut points should be useful to both practitioners and researchers who wish to examine attainment of national physical activity standards in youth.

International study of objectively measured physical activity and sedentary time with body mass index and obesity: IPEN adult study

Physical activity (PA) has been consistently implicated in the etiology of obesity, whereas recent evidence on the importance of sedentary time remains inconsistent. Understanding of dose–response associations of PA and sedentary time with overweight and obesity in adults can be improved with large-scale studies using objective measures of PA and sedentary time. The purpose of this study was to examine the strength, direction and shape of dose–response associations of accelerometer-based PA and sedentary time with body mass index (BMI) and weight status in 10 countries, and the moderating effects of study site and gender. Data from the International Physical activity and the Environment Network (IPEN) Adult study were used. IPEN Adult is an observational multi-country cross-sectional study, and 12 sites in 10 countries are included. Participants wore an accelerometer for seven consecutive days, completed a socio-demographic questionnaire and reported height and weight. In total, 5712 adults (18–65 years) were included in the analyses. Generalized additive mixed models, conducted in R, were used to estimate the strength and shape of the associations. A curvilinear relationship of accelerometer-based moderate-to-vigorous PA and total counts per minute with BMI and the probability of being overweight/obese was identified. The associations were negative, but weakened at higher levels of moderate-to-vigorous PA (&gt;50 min per day) and higher counts per minute. No associations between sedentary time and weight outcomes were found. Complex site- and gender-specific findings were revealed for BMI, but not for weight status. On the basis of these results, the current Institute of Medicine recommendation of 60 min per day of moderate-to-vigorous PA to prevent weight gain in normal-weight adults was supported. No relationship between sedentary time and the weight outcomes was present, calling for further examination. If moderator findings are confirmed, the relationship between PA and BMI may be country- and gender-dependent, which could have important implications for country-specific health guidelines.

身体活動と行動医学 : アクティブ・ライフスタイルをめざして

No abstract is provided for this article.

Validating stage of change measures for physical activity and dietary behaviors for overweight women

To investigate the construct, concurrent and predictive validity of stage of change measures for physical activity (PA), and intakes of fruit and vegetables (FVs), dietary fiber (FB) and dietary fat (DF) among a sample of overweight women. Subjects were 401 women (mean age=41, s.d.=8.7 years; mean body mass index=32.35, s.d.=4.6) recruited to participate in a 12-month weight loss intervention trial. Concurrent validity tests included (1) self-report of current behavior, (2) decisional balance (for example, pros and cons of behavior change), (3) self-efficacy, (4) the MTI Actigraph accelerometer (for the PA staging measure), and (5) a food-frequency questionnaire (for all dietary staging measures). Predictive validity was assessed through tests of the relationship between the baseline stage of change measures and their corresponding behavior 1-year later. Coefficient α-tests of internal consistency exceeded 0.70 on the majority of scales. Concurrent validity tests indicated strong validity evidence for three staging measures and little validity for the DF staging measure (η2 range, 0.02–0.18). All staging algorithms demonstrated predictive validity (η2 range, 0.04–0.126). Staging measures can determine motivational readiness for overweight women, contribute to the standardization of stage of change assessment and facilitate cross-study comparisons.

Construct validity of physical activity and sedentary behaviors staging measures for adolescents

To evaluate the construct validity of physical activity (PA) and sedentary behaviors (SB) staging measures for adolescents that incorporate the current national recommendations.The Progressive Aerobic Cardiovascular Endurance Run, Actigraph accelerometer, and self-reported hours of TV viewing served as criterion measures. Participants were 878 adolescents (M age = 12.74, 53.6% girls, 39.9% non-White).The PA staging measure had mixed evidence of convergent validity and strong evidence of divergent validity. The SB staging measure had strong and generalized evidence of convergent validity but weak evidence of divergent validity, which could be related to inaccurate assumptions about the relation of SB to PA and fitness. Results were generally in the expected direction and provide preliminary evidence for the construct validity and generalizability of both staging measures. However, more research is warranted to validate the staging measures with Actigraph-measured PA and sedentary time. Effect sizes (eta(2) values) ranged from small to large (.02-.63).PA and SB stage-of-change measures that are congruent with current national recommendations and appropriate for use among adolescents were partially supported for their construct validity.