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Interest in health care policy research has grown significantly over the past decade. This paper makes a number of suggestions for improving the quality of health care policy research and its influence on policymaking. These include suggestions for: 1) improving the way in which problems are identified and defined; 2) merging qualitative and quantitative approaches to study design, data collection, and analysis; 3) developing more integrative strategies for disseminating research results; 4) changing the reward structure to encourage health policy research; and 5) developing a stronger standby research capability. Specific examples of each of the above are presented. Throughout, the need for greater interaction among researchers, analysts, policymakers and practitioners is emphasized, along with specific suggestions for ways of bringing this about.
With the ever-growing public and now commercial sentiment supporting the widespread adoption of low and zero-emission vehicles, it is unsurprising that Li-ion batteries which currently assume the bulk of the cost of electrified vehicles (a significant proportion coming from cost of battery materials) have become prolific not only in the primary research literature but have also entered the general public consciousness. Since the initial work in 1997, over 2000 research publications have been authored on lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO[subscript 4]), one of only a handful of commercially viable Li-ion battery cathode materials currently used in electrified vehicles. Despite the sheer quantity of research devoted to the subject and the well-demonstrated excellent battery performance of LiFePO[subscript 4], what is surprising are the number of apparent discrepancies and ensuing contention in the literature regarding its (de)lithiation kinetics. This Review forgoes re-summarizing the well-accepted materials properties of LiFePO[subscript 4] and instead seeks to address headlong the specific areas of dispute in the field, specifically by considering how the thermodynamics and kinetics of Li intercalation are modified from the bulk to single-particle to multi-particle scales, shedding light on what makes LiFePO[subscript 4] such a unique material and ideally shaping future discourse of LiFePO[subscript 4] research.
view Abstract Citations (197) References (45) Co-Reads Similar Papers Volume Content Graphics Metrics Export Citation NASA/ADS The ``Type IIb'' Supernova 1993J in M81: A Close Relative of Type Ib Supernovae Filippenko, Alexei V. ; Matheson, Thomas ; Ho, Luis C. Abstract Spectra of SN 1993J at three epochs within the first 1.5 months after the explosion reveal the onset of a remarkable transformation. The prominent Hα emission line visible at early times became progressively weaker as P Cygni features of He I gradually appeared; SN 1993J is therefore a hydrogen-poor, helium-rich "Type IIb" supernova. The progenitor of SN 1993J was probably a reasonably massive star (initial mass 10-17 M_sun_) that transferred most, but not all, of its hydrogen envelope to a physically bound companion. We predict that many (>~6) months past maximum brightness, the spectrum of SN 1993J will closely resemble the late-time spectra of Type lb supernovae; it will be dominated by strong emission lines of [O I], [Ca II], and Ca II, with Hα very weak or absent. A similar metamorphosis has been clearly seen only in SN 1987K; however, since the development of He I lines could not be monitored, SN 1987K may have actually been Type IIc rather than Type IIb. SN 1993J demonstrates that SN 1987K was not a unique event. It strengthens the hypothesis that Type lb and Ic supernovae are not white dwarfs undergoing thermonuclear runaway. Rather, they are triggered by core collapse in massive, evolved stars that have lost their outer envelope of hydrogen (Ib) and perhaps helium as well (Ic), often through mass transfer in close binary systems. Thus, these objects are fundamentally related to Type II supernovae. Publication: The Astrophysical Journal Pub Date: October 1993 DOI: 10.1086/187043 Bibcode: 1993ApJ...415L.103F full text sources ADS | data products SIMBAD (9) NED (2)
An entry from the Cambridge Structural Database, the world’s repository for small molecule crystal structures. The entry contains experimental data from a crystal diffraction study. The deposited dataset for this entry is freely available from the CCDC and typically includes 3D coordinates, cell parameters, space group, experimental conditions and quality measures.
Transition-metal boryl complexes of the form Cp'Fe(CO)LBcat and (CO)5MBcat, where Cp' = C5H5, C5Me5, M = Mn, Re, L = CO, PMe3, and cat = 1,2-O2C6H4, were synthesized by reaction of ClBcat with [Cp'Fe(CO)L]- or [M(CO)5]-. X-ray crystal structures of CpFe(CO)2Bcat, Cp*Fe(CO)2Bcat, and (CO)5MnBcat were obtained. Upon irradiation, these metal boryl complexes reacted with arenes and alkenes to form aryl- and vinylboronate ester products in moderate to high yields. Monosubstituted arenes with methyl, chloro, trifluoromethyl, methoxy, and dimethylamino substituents were used as substrates, and the resulting ratios of ortho- to meta- to para-substituted arene products were measured. No significant electronic effects were observed, indicating that the chemistry is not occurring through a typical electrophilic aromatic substitution pathway. Competition experiments between toluene and other substituted arenes were conducted. Reactivity differences were small, but anisole was found to have the fastest rate of reaction. Kinetic isotope effects were measured for the reaction of CpFe(CO)2Bcat, (CO)5MnBcat, or (CO)5ReBcat with benzene/benzene-d6 mixtures and were found to be 3.3 ± 0.4, 2.1 ± 0.1, and 5.4 ± 0.4, respectively. This difference in isotope effect along with differences in selectivities with substituted arsenic reagents rules out a mechanism by which a common free Bcat radical attacks free substrate. Several experiments were also conducted to probe for CO loss. A 13CO-labeling experiment, CO inhibition experiment, and PMe3 trapping experiment indicate that the mechanism most likely proceeds through irreversible CO loss to form a 16-electron intermediate. Functionalization of alkenes to form vinylboronate esters was also observed, and mechanistic studies showed the absence of a measurable kinetic isotope effect for reaction of CpFe(CO)2Bcat or (CO)5ReBcat with ethylene/ethylene-d4 mixtures or for reaction with ethylene-d2.
Use of an integrated EHR with health information exchange across delivery settings improved patient care coordination.
Chiral dienes represent an important class of ligands for several asymmetric transition-metal-catalyzed transformations. Due to this fact the development of efficient and reliable protocols for the preparation of these ligands is an essential objective. In this communication, the authors present an enantioselective synthesis of C 2 and C 1 dienes based on their initial work in the field of stepwise C-H functionalization of alkenes using cobalt dinitrosoalkane complexes (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 3777). The accessible products 5 can be considered as potentially interesting precursors of new chiral diene ligands.
Abstract The divergent dendronization of an ϵ‐caprolactone‐based polymer has been performed to provide access to dendronized polymers with sufficient biocompatibility and degradability for use as drug‐delivery scaffolds. The synthesis was performed through the tin(II) 2‐ethylhexanoate‐catalyzed polymerization of a γ‐functionalized ϵ‐caprolactone monomer, followed by the divergent growth of pendant polyester dendrons at each repeat unit. The resulting dendronized polymers were obtained up to the fourth generation with molecular weights as high as 80,000 Da and with polydispersities between 1.11 and 1.22. The fourth‐generation hydroxyl‐terminated dendronized polymer was degradable under a variety of aqueous conditions. A comparison of the dendronization approach with a procedure involving the ring‐opening polymerization of a second‐generation dendritic macromonomer reveals that the former procedure is best suited for the preparation of this family of dendronized polyesters because it requires shorter reaction times and affords materials with higher degrees of polymerization. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 3563–3578, 2004
An entry from the Cambridge Structural Database, the world’s repository for small molecule crystal structures. The entry contains experimental data from a crystal diffraction study. The deposited dataset for this entry is freely available from the CCDC and typically includes 3D coordinates, cell parameters, space group, experimental conditions and quality measures.
The Global Credit Crisis of 2008-09 has underscored the urgency of reforming the international financial architecture.While a number of short-term reforms are already in train, this paper contemplates more ambitious reforms of the international financial architecture that might be implemented over the next ten years.It proposes routinizing the expansion of IMF quotas and the conduct of exchange rate surveillance.It contemplates an expanded role for the SDR in international transactions, which would require someone-like the IMF-to act as market maker.It considers proposals for reimposing Glass-Steagall-like restrictions on commercial and investment banking, something that will have to be coordinated internationally to be feasible.Other proposals would require banks to purchase capital insurance; here the question is who would be on the other side of the market.Again there is likely to be a role for the IMF.Then there are arguments for a new agency or institution to deal with cross-border bank insolvencies.Any such entity will require staff support, which might plausibly come from the Fund.Finally, some insist that international colleges of regulators are not enough-that it is desirable to create a World Financial Organization (WFO) with the power to sanction members whose national regulatory policies are not up to international standards.A WFO will similarly need staff support, of which the IMF would be one possible source.All this of course presupposes meaningful IMF governance reform so that the institution has the legitimacy and efficiency to assume these additional responsibilities.The paper therefore concludes with some conventional and unconventional proposals for IMF governance reform.
