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An entry from the Cambridge Structural Database, the world’s repository for small molecule crystal structures. The entry contains experimental data from a crystal diffraction study. The deposited dataset for this entry is freely available from the CCDC and typically includes 3D coordinates, cell parameters, space group, experimental conditions and quality measures.
The prototype willingness model (PWM) was designed to extend expectancy-value models of health behaviour by also including a heuristic, or social reactive pathway, to better explain health-risk behaviours in adolescents and young adults. The pathway includes prototype, i.e., images of a typical person who engages in a behaviour, and willingness to engage in behaviour. The current study describes a meta-analysis of predictive research using the PWM and explores the role of the heuristic pathway and intentions in predicting behaviour. Eighty-one studies met inclusion criteria. Overall, the PWM was supported and explained 20.5% of the variance in behaviour. Willingness explained 4.9% of the variance in behaviour over and above intention, although intention tended to be more strongly related to behaviour than was willingness. The strength of the PWM relationships tended to vary according to the behaviour being tested, with alcohol consumption being the behaviour best explained. Age was also an important moderator, and, as expected, PWM behaviour was best accounted for within adolescent samples. Results were heterogeneous even after moderators were taken into consideration. This meta-analysis provides support for the PWM and may be used to inform future interventions that can be tailored for at-risk populations.
The equivalence of two approaches to the variational theory of cell-membrane equilibria which have been proposed in the literature is demonstrated. Both assume a constraint on surface area, global in one formulation and local in the alternative, in accordance with measurements which reveal negligible surface dilation in the presence of membrane deformation. We thus address a potential controversy in the mathematical modeling of an important problem in biophysics.
Higher and mixed-order <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">n</tex> -port circuit elements were introduced recently to provide a logically complete formulation for nonlinear circuit theory. In this paper, higher order mutators are defined and used to synthesize these elements. The class of all higher order mutators is shown to form a group under cascade interconnections. Each mutator is realized using only linear capacitors, linear inductors and linear controlled sources. An upper bound on each type of element needed to realize a mutator is also given. Each higher or mixed-order <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">n</tex> -port element is realized by cascading appropriate mutators across each port of a nonlinear <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">n</tex> -port resistor. Our main theorem shows that any higher or mixed-order nonlinear <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">n</tex> -port element with a constitutive relation defined on a compact set can be realized using linear capacitors, inductors, and controlled sources, and 2 -terminal nonlinear resistors.
No abstract is provided for this article.
Insomnia, nightmares, or nocturnal panic attacks are prominent features of sleep disturbance that spans across many anxiery disorders. In a meta-analysis of 177 studies, Benca and colleagues (1992) reported that individuals with an anxiery disorder take longer ro get to sleep at the beginning of the night, experience more awakenings during rhe night, obtain less sleep overall, and exhibit poorer sleep efficienry, relative to nonpatients. More recently, a review of dre literature by Papadimitriou and Linkowski 2005) suggesrs rhat the major findings reported bv Benca et al. have held over the ensuing decade. \,foreover, Papadimitriou and Linkowski (2005) tbund an especially strong association beween sleep disturbance and several anxiety disorders, including panic disorder, generalized anxiery disorder (GAD), obsessive-compulsive disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Afthough -ort of the evidence to date is based on samples of aduhs in their rriddle years, there is also evidence ofan association )erween sleep disturbance and anxiety disorders in ;hildren and adolescence (Forbes et al., 2006), as well as among older adults (Spira, Friedman, Flint, & Sheikh,2005). The first aim of this chapter is to highlight the potential importance of sleep problems in individuals with anxiery disorders. W'e argue that disturbed sleep not only impairs the qualiry of a patientt life but may also contribute to rhe maintenance of the anxiety disorder. Our second aim is to review the evidence base for rrearing parienrs who sufFer from comorbid sleep disturbance and anxiery disorder. As will become evident throughout the chapter, there is a dearth of evidence that specifically delineates the relationship berween sleep disturbance and anxiery disorder and thus several ofour proposals are based on evidence from healthy nonpatients or patienrs with other clinical disorders. 'We raise this caveat at the outset as an importanr limitarion to rhe conclusions that we draw. 'We rurn now to begin this chapter by offering an overview of concepts that are basic to understanding human sleep; this knowledge is important for clinicians rreating individuals who sufFer from sleep disturbance. Sleep disturbances in the form of insomnia, nightmares, or nocrurnal panic attack are prominenr features across the anxiety disorders.The first aim ofthis chapter is to highlight rhe potential importance of sleep in individuals with anxiety disorders. lt is argued ttrat steep is important not only because disturbed sleep impairs the quality of a patient's life, but also because it likely contributes to the maintenance of the anxiety disorder. The second aim is to review the evidence base for treating Patients who suffer from comorbid insomnia and an anxiety disorder. Research attention and clinical intervention for sleep disturbance among individuals with anxiety disorders is a critical domain for future research.
Collaborative filtering (CF) is valuable in e-commerce, and for direct recommendations for music, movies, news etc. But today's systems have several disadvantages, including privacy risks. As we move toward ubiquitous computing, there is a great potential for individuals to share all kinds of information about places and things to do, see and buy, but the privacy risks are severe. In this paper we describe a new method for collaborative filtering which protects the privacy of individual data. The method is based on a probabilistic factor analysis model. Privacy protection is provided by a peer-to-peer protocol which is described elsewhere, but outlined in this paper. The factor analysis approach handles missing data without requiring default values for them. We give several experiments that suggest that this is most accurate method for CF to date. The new algorithm has other advantages in speed and storage over previous algorithms. Finally, we suggest applications of the approach to other kinds of statistical analyses of survey or questionaire data.
