We propose the Breathing Earth System Simulator (BESS), an upscaling approach to quantify global gross primary productivity and evapotranspiration using MODIS with a spatial resolution of 1-5 km and a temporal resolution of 8 days. This effort is novel because it is the first system that harmonizes and utilizes MODIS Atmosphere and Land products on the same projection and spatial resolution over the global land. This enabled us to use the MODIS Atmosphere products to calculate atmospheric radiative transfer for visual and near infrared radiation wave bands. Then we coupled atmospheric and canopy radiative transfer processes, with models that computed leaf photosynthesis, stomatal conductance and transpiration on the sunlit and shaded portions of the vegetation and soil. At the annual time step, the mass and energy fluxes derived from BESS showed strong linear relations with measurements of solar irradiance (r(2) = 0.95, relative bias: 8%), gross primary productivity (r(2) = 0.86, relative bias: 5%) and evapotranspiration (r(2) = 0.86, relative bias: 15%) in data from 33 flux towers that cover seven plant functional types across arctic to tropical climatic zones. A sensitivity analysis revealed that the gross primary productivity and evapotranspiration computed in BESS were most sensitive to leaf area index and solar irradiance, respectively. We quantified the mean global terrestrial estimates of gross primary productivity and evapotranpiration between 2001 and 2003 as 118 +/- 26 PgC yr(-1) and 500 +/- 104 mm yr(-1) (equivalent to 63,000 +/- 13,100 km(3) yr(-1)), respectively. BESS-derived gross primary productivity and evapotranspiration estimates were consistent with the estimates from independent machine-learning, data-driven products, but the process-oriented structure has the advantage of diagnosing sensitivity of mechanisms. The process-based BESS is able to offer gridded biophysical variables everywhere from local to the total global land scales with an 8-day interval over multiple years.
ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ARTICLES ASAPEditorialNEXTChemical Sensors and Imaging: Molecular, Materials, and Biological PlatformsMarco S. Messina*Marco S. Messina*Email: [email protected]More by Marco S. Messinahttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-2827-118X and Christopher J. Chang*Christopher J. Chang*Email: [email protected]More by Christopher J. Changhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-5732-9497Cite this: ACS Cent. Sci. 2023, XXXX, XXX, XXX-XXXPublication Date (Web):September 18, 2023Publication History Published online18 September 2023https://doi.org/10.1021/acscentsci.3c01070Copyright © 2022 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society. This publication is licensed under CC-BY 4.0. License Summary*You are free to share (copy and redistribute) this article in any medium or format and to adapt (remix, transform, and build upon) the material for any purpose, even commercially within the parameters below:Creative Commons (CC): This is a Creative Commons license.Attribution (BY): Credit must be given to the creator.View full license*DisclaimerThis summary highlights only some of the key features and terms of the actual license. It is not a license and has no legal value. Carefully review the actual license before using these materials. This publication is Open Access under the license indicated. Learn MoreArticle Views-Altmetric-Citations-LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (881 KB) Get e-AlertscloseSUBJECTS:Biological imaging,Dyes and pigments,Peptides and proteins,Probes,Sensors Get e-Alerts
The effective management of patients with chronic illnesses is critical to bending the curve of health care spending in the United States and is a crucial test for health care reform. In this article we used data from three national surveys of physician practices between 2006 and 2013 to determine the extent to which practices of all sizes have increased their use of evidence-based care management processes associated with patient-centered medical homes for patients with asthma, congestive heart failure, depression, and diabetes. We found relatively large increases over time in the overall use of these processes for small and medium-size practices as well as for large practices. However, the large practices used fewer than half of the recommended processes, on average. We also identified the individual processes whose use increased the most and show that greater use of care management processes is positively associated with public reporting of patient experience and clinical quality and with pay-for-performance.
Coupled-bistable-oscillator machines have recently generated significant interest due to their observed ability to rapidly produce high-quality solutions to nondeterministic-polynomial-time-complete optimization problems. While the dynamics of such systems are often derived in the literature, it has hitherto been unclear why exactly the system dynamics perform optimization so well. This paper answers this question by presenting a complete equivalence between coupled-oscillator machines and the primal-dual method of Lagrange multipliers. This equivalence explains how coupled-oscillator solvers implement the correct optimization constraints and find high-quality solutions. The equivalence also provides precise mathematical meaning to each system component and enables the principled design of systems that implement more-sophisticated optimization algorithms. We simulate the system dynamics and demonstrate (1) that its performance is competitive with performance of the best-known digital algorithms, (2) that the circuit is robust with regard to large component variations, hinting that the traditional shortcomings of analog computation may be less important for these applications, and (3) that the circuit consumes extremely low amounts of power (on the order of milliwatts) and energy (approximately <a:math xmlns:a="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" overflow="scroll"><a:mn>100</a:mn></a:math> nJ) per optimization even for problems of 2000 variables. Published by the American Physical Society 2024
Objective. To examine the association between the scope of quality improvement (QI) implementation in hospitals and hospital performance on selected indicators of clinical quality. Data Sources. Secondary data from 1997 mailed survey of hospital QI practices, Medicare Inpatient Database, American Hospital Association's Annual Survey of Hospitals, the Bureau of Health Professions' Area Resource File, and two proprietary data sets compiled by Solucient Inc. containing data on managed care penetration and hospital financial performance. Study Design. Cross‐sectional study of 1,784 community hospitals to assess relationship between QI implementation approach and six hospital‐level quality indicators. Data Collection/Abstraction Methods. Two‐stage instrumental variables estimation in which predicted values (instruments) of four QI scope variables and control (exogenous) variables used to estimate hospital‐level quality indicators. Principal Findings. Involvement by multiple hospital units in QI effort is associated with worse values on hospital‐level quality indicators. Percentage of hospital staff and percentage of senior managers participating in formally organized QI teams are associated with better values on quality indicators. Percentage of physicians participating in QI teams is not associated with better values on the hospital‐level quality indicators studied. Conclusions. Results supported the proposition that the scope of QI implementation in hospitals is significantly associated with hospital‐level quality indicators. However, the direction of the association varied across different measures of QI implementation scope.
Necessary and sufficient conditions are given for the uniqueness of solution of nonlinear resistive circuits made of strictly monotoneincreasing nonlinear resistors, dc sources, and <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">k</tex> linear current-controlled current sources (CCCS's) or linear voltage-controlled voltage sources (VCVS's) whose controlling coefficients <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">{\alpha}_{\mu}</tex> are bounded by <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0<{\alpha}_{\mu}<{\alpha}_{\mu}max'{\mu} = 1,2,{\cdots}, k</tex> . These conditions are cast in explicit topological terms and are therefore easy to check.
The lithium salts of 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8-octamethylfluorenyl (Flu′′) and 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9-nonamethylfluorenyl (Flu*) were reacted with Zr and Hf half-sandwich complexes to generate mixed-ligand-metallocenes Cp′′Flu′′ZrCl2 (1), Cp′′Flu*ZrCl2 (2), and Cp*Flu*HfCl2 (3) (Cp′′ = 1,3-(SiMe3)2C5H3, Cp* = C5Me5). Reaction of the metallocene dichlorides with MeLi yielded the dimethyl derivatives Cp′′Flu*ZrMe2 (4) and Cp*Flu*HfMe2 (5). Reduction of the zirconocene dichlorides in the presence of CO gas yielded the dicarbonyl derivatives Cp′′Flu′′Zr(CO)2 (6) and Cp′′Flu*Zr(CO)2 (7), which represent the first examples of zirconocene dicarbonyls containing a fluorenyl ligand derivative. Structural characterization of the zirconocene dichloride 2 and the dicarbonyls 6 and 7 revealed that the methylated fluorenyl ligands adopt an η5-coordination and display a twisted tricyclic core in each case. A spectroscopic study of a small series of zirconocene dicarbonyl analogues indicates that the methylated fluorenyl ligands are strong electron donors and similar in this regard to heptamethylindenyl (Ind*) and Cp*.
