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In the postindustrial city, relegation takes the form of real or imaginary consignment to distinctive sociospatial formations variously and vaguely referred to as ‘inner cities,’ ‘ghettos,’ ‘enclaves,’ ‘no-go areas,’ ‘problem districts’ or simply ‘rough neighborhoods’. How are we to characterise and differentiate these spaces; what determines their trajectory (birth, growth, decay and death); whence comes the intense stigma attached to them; and what constellations of class, ethnicity and state do they both materialise and signify? These are the questions I pursued in my book Urban Outcasts (Wacquant, 2008a) through a methodical comparison of the trajectories of the black American ghetto and the European working-class peripheries in the era of neoliberal ascendancy. In this article, I revisit this cross-continental sociology of ‘advanced marginality’ to tease out its broader lessons for our understanding of the tangled nexus of symbolic, social and physical space in the polarising metropolis at century’s threshold in particular, and for bringing the core principles of Bourdieu’s sociology to bear on comparative urban studies in general.
A study of the influence of lanthana promotion on the hydrogenation of CO over Rh/SiO/sub 2/ has been conducted. Lanthana-promoted Rh/SiO/sub 2/ exhibits higher turnover frequencies for the synthesis of CH/sub 4/, C/sub 2/-C/sub 4/ hydrocarbons, CH/sub 3/OH, and C/sub 2/ oxygenates than unpromoted Rh/SiO/sub 2/. The turnover frequency for each product goes through a maximum with increasing lanthana addition. Lanthana promotion is also found to increase the selectivity for the formation of CH/sub 3/OH, C/sub 2/ oxygenates, and C/sub 2/-C/sub 4/ hydrocarbons and to decrease the selectivity for CH/sub 4/. The selectivity for C/sub 2/ oxygenates is optimized at low levels of lanthana addition. In situ infrared observations show that lanthana promotion blocks the chemisorption of CO onto surface Rh sites. Of particular interest is the observation of a band at 1725 cm/sup -1/. This feature is assigned to CO adsorbed on a Rh site immediately adjacent to an LaO/sub x/ island. The low frequency of this vibration is attributed to a weakening of the C-O bond caused by the interaction of lanthana cations with the oxygen end of the adsorbed CO. It is postulated that the interaction of the lanthana with the CO is responsible for the enhancedmore » rates of CO dissociation and the formation CH/sub 4/ and C/sub 2+/ products. Infrared spectroscopy also provides evidence for acyl, formate, and acetate groups on the surface of lanthana-promoted Rh/SiO/sub 2/. The possible role of these species in the synthesis of products is discussed. 26 references.« less
An entry from the Cambridge Structural Database, the world’s repository for small molecule crystal structures. The entry contains experimental data from a crystal diffraction study. The deposited dataset for this entry is freely available from the CCDC and typically includes 3D coordinates, cell parameters, space group, experimental conditions and quality measures.
Recent advances in Synthetic Biology have yielded standardized and automatable DNA assembly protocols that enable a broad range of biotechnological research and development. Unfortunately, the experimental design required for modern scar-less multipart DNA assembly methods is frequently laborious, time-consuming, and error-prone. Here, we report the development and deployment of a web-based software tool, j5, which automates the design of scar-less multipart DNA assembly protocols including SLIC, Gibson, CPEC, and Golden Gate. The key innovations of the j5 design process include cost optimization, leveraging DNA synthesis when cost-effective to do so, the enforcement of design specification rules, hierarchical assembly strategies to mitigate likely assembly errors, and the instruction of manual or automated construction of scar-less combinatorial DNA libraries. Using a GFP expression testbed, we demonstrate that j5 designs can be executed with the SLIC, Gibson, or CPEC assembly methods, used to build combinatorial libraries with the Golden Gate assembly method, and applied to the preparation of linear gene deletion cassettes for E. coli. The DNA assembly design algorithms reported here are generally applicable to broad classes of DNA construction methodologies and could be implemented to supplement other DNA assembly design tools. Taken together, these innovations save researchers time and effort, reduce the frequency of user design errors and off-target assembly products, decrease research costs, and enable scar-less multipart and combinatorial DNA construction at scales unfeasible without computer-aided design.
This Working Paper should not be reported as representing the views of the IMF.The views expressed in this Working Paper are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent those of the IMF or IMF policy.Working Papers describe research in progress by the author(s) and are published to elicit comments and to further debate.We use data on the extent to which residents of one country hold the bonds of issuers resident in another as a measure of financial integration or interrelatedness, asking how Asia compares with Europe and Latin America and with the base case in which the purchaser and issuer of the bonds reside in different regions.Not surprisingly, we find that Europe is more financially integrated than other regions.Asia, more interestingly, already seems to have made more progress on this front than Latin America and other parts of the world.The contrast with Latin America is largely explained by stronger creditor and investor rights, better contract enforcement, and greater transparency, all of which are conducive to foreign participation in local markets and to intraregional cross holdings of Asian bonds generally.Further results based on a limited sample suggest that one factor holding back investment in foreign bonds in East Asia may be limited geographical diversification by mutual funds, in turn reflecting a dearth of appropriate assets.Asian Bond Fund 2, by creating a passively managed portfolio of local currency bonds potentially attractive to mutual fund managers and investors, may help to relax this constraint.
Abstract The palladium‐catalyzed defluorinative coupling of 1‐aryl‐2,2‐difluoroalkenes with boronic acids is described. Broad functional‐group tolerance arises from a redox‐neutral process by a palladium(II) active species which is proposed to undergo a β‐fluoride elimination to afford the products. The monofluorostilbene products were formed with excellent diastereoselectivity (≥50:1) in all cases, and it is critical, as traditional chromatographic techniques often fail to separate monofluoroalkene isomers. As a demonstration of this method's unique combination of reactivity and functional‐group tolerance, a Gleevec® analogue, using a monofluorostilbene as an amide isostere, was synthesized.
Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
