I review the use of Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) for cosmological distance determinations. Low-redshift SNe Ia (z 0. Most recently, analyses of SNe Ia at z = 1.0 - 1.7 provide further support for current acceleration, and give tentative evidence for an early epoch of deceleration. Current projects include the search for additional SNe Ia at z > 1 to confirm the early deceleration, and the measurement of a few hundred SNeIa at z = 0.2 - 0.8 to determine the equation of state of the dark energy, w = P/(ρc^2).
A strategy to achieve ortho substitution of phenols initiated by an ortho-palladation to create\ncoumarins was examined. Indeed, treatment of alkynoates with electron-rich phenols in the presence of a\npalladium catalyst and an acid does generate coumarins. The scope of the reaction with respect to the\nphenol and the alkynoates is defined. With unsymmetrical aromatic substrates, generally good regioselectivity\nthat reflects the HOMO coefficients can be observed. In the course of these studies, numerous important\nnaturally occurring coumarins have been synthesized, including fraxinol methyl ether, ayapin, herniarin,\nxanthoxyletin, and alloxanthoxyletin. The fact that a Pd(0) is the precatalyst rather than a Pd(+2) species\nand that an acid that reduces Pd(+2) salts, formic acid, functions better than other carboxylic acids raises\ndoubts about the initial working hypothesis. A novel mechanism involving a palladium phenoxide formed\nfrom a hydridopalladium carboxylate and phenol is invoked to rationalize the results.
No abstract is provided for this article.
The copper(I) thiophenolato complexes 1-3 containing 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) and 2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline (Me(2)phen) were isolated in excellent yields from reactions of [CuOtBu](4) with the dative ligands and subsequent addition of 1 equiv of arylthiol and characterized spectroscopically. X-ray structural analysis of a single crystal of [(phen)Cu(µ-SC(6)H(5))](2) (1) revealed that this complex adopts a neutral dimeric form with a weak Cu-Cu bonding interaction. These complexes were found to react with iodoarenes to form aryl sulfide products. The intermediacy of such complexes in copper-catalyzed thioetherification of aryl halides was demonstrated by the reactivity with p-tolyl iodide and o-tolyl iodide to form two aryl thioethers with selectivities similar to those of catalytic reactions conducted with the same two iodoarenes.
Following acute infection, murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) replicates persistently in the salivary glands, despite the vigorous response of activated CD8 T cells that infiltrate this gland. Virus-specific CD8 T lymphocytes isolated from this organ were found to express the inhibitory CD94/NKG2A receptor that, in some virus models, confers an inhibitory response to cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). In response to MCMV infection, expression of the CD94/NKG2A ligand, Qa-1 b , increased dramatically in the submandibular gland (SMG) prior to upregulation of H-2D d . However, there was no net negative impact on virus-specific T-cell function, as virus titres were similar in CD94 − and CD94 + mice. CD94/NKG2A expression, also known to inhibit apoptosis, did not influence the numbers of accumulated T, NK and NK T cells. These data indicate that expression of inhibitory CD94/NKG2A receptors does not account for the failure of MCMV-specific CTLs to clear the SMG of infection.
Monolithically integrating the energy supply unit on a silicon integrated circuit (IC) requires the development of a thin-film solid-state battery compatible with silicon IC fabrication methods, materials, and performance. We have envisioned materials that can be processed in a silicon fabrication environment, thus bringing local stored energy to silicon ICs. By incorporating the material directly onto the silicon wafer, the economic parallelism that silicon complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology has enjoyed can be brought to power incorporation in each IC on a processed wafer. It is natural to look first towards silicon CMOS materials, and ask which materials need enhancement, which need replacement, and which can be used “as is.” In this study, we begin by using two existing CMOS materials and one unconventional material for the construction of a source of electric power. We have explored the use of thermally grown silicon dioxide (SiO2) as thin as 9nm acting as an electrolyte material candidate in a solid-state power cell integrated on silicon. Other components of the thin-film cell consisted of rf-sputtered lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2) as the cathode and highly doped n-type polycrystalline silicon (polysilicon) grown by low-pressure chemical-vapor deposition as the anode. All structures were fabricated using conventional microelectronics fabrication technology. The charge and discharge behaviors of the LiCoO2∕SiO2∕polysilicon cells were studied. On the basis of the impedance measurements an equivalent circuit model of an ultrathin cell was inferred, and its microstructure was characterized by electron microscopy imaging. In spite of its high series resistance (∼4×107Ω), we have shown that an ultrathin layer of an as-deposited Li-free SiO2 is an interesting candidate for an electrolyte or controllable barrier layer in lithium-ion-based devices.
We address the problems of contour detection, bottom-up grouping and semantic segmentation using RGB-D data. We focus on the challenging setting of cluttered indoor scenes, and evaluate our approach on the recently introduced NYU-Depth V2 (NYUD2) dataset [27]. We propose algorithms for object boundary detection and hierarchical segmentation that generalize the gPb-ucm approach of [2] by making effective use of depth information. We show that our system can label each contour with its type (depth, normal or albedo). We also propose a generic method for long-range amodal completion of surfaces and show its effectiveness in grouping. We then turn to the problem of semantic segmentation and propose a simple approach that classifies super pixels into the 40 dominant object categories in NYUD2. We use both generic and class-specific features to encode the appearance and geometry of objects. We also show how our approach can be used for scene classification, and how this contextual information in turn improves object recognition. In all of these tasks, we report significant improvements over the state-of-the-art.
In order to investigate the functional significance of membrane lipid unsaturation, we have isolated a series of mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana which are deficient in particular membrane fatty acids. The first of these mutants completely lacks Δ3- trans -hexadecenoate, an acyl group that until now has been thought to play an important role in the structure or function of thylakoid membranes in photosynthetic eukaryotes. The apparent absence of any marked physiological effect of the mutation illustrates the potential of this approach to the analysis of membrane structure and function.
Foreword - Troy Duster Introduction Social and Cultural Contexts of Caregiving Hearing the Voices, Telling the Stories The Grandparent Caregiver Study Assuming the Caregiver Role The Health Status of Grandmother Caregivers The High Costs of Caring Economic Considerations Social Networks and Social Support Coping with the New Caregiving Combining Work and Childcare The Continuity of Caregiving Raising the Children of the Crack Cocaine Epidemic Special Considerations Community Interventions to Support Grandparent Caregivers Implications for Policy
19. Addressing Food Insecurity and Tobacco Control through a Neighborhood Coalition: Applying Community Coalition Action Theory and Principles for Collaborating for Equity and Justice was published in Community Organizing and Community Building for Health and Social Equity, 4th edition on page 325.
